Air Pollution and Noise

Chapter 19: Air Pollution and Noise: Living and Working in a Healthy Environment

19.1 Air: The Endangered Global Commons

Air is a renewable resource cleansed by natural processes and regenerated by living things. This global resource is used by many and protected by few. It suffers from the tragedy that befalls many commons.

Sources of Air Pollution
Pollutants arise from natural and human or anthropogenic sources. Human-generated pollution is generally of greatest concern because it is produced in localized regions, so that concentrations reach potentially dangerous levels.

Anthropogenic Air Pollutants and Their Sources
Air pollutants come primarily from three sources: transportation, energy production, and industry. Combustion of fossil fuels is the major source of air pollution in these sectors.

Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Pollutants released into the atmosphere – primary pollutants – can react with one another and with atmospheric components such as water vapor, forming secondary pollutants.

Toxic Air Pollutants
Although much of the interest in the past three decades has focused on criteria air pollutants, many other potentially toxic chemicals are released into the air each year from industry and other sources.

Industrial and Photochemical Smog
Smog is a term applied to two different types of air pollution. In cities with drier, sunnier climates and minimal industrial activity, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles react to form a brownish haze called photochemical smog. In older industrial cities with moister climates, particulates and sulfur oxides form industrial smog.

Air Pollution – A Symptom of Unsustainable Systems?
Air pollution, like other forms of environmental deterioration, is a symptom of unsustainable systems of transportation, industry, housing, and energy production.

19.2 The Effects of Weather and Topography on Air Pollution

The Cleansing Effects of Wind and Rain: Don’t Be Fooled
Wind and rain both tend to cleanse the air above our cities, but pollutants do not disappear. They’re either blown elsewhere or fall from the sky, ending up in waterways or in our soil or on buildings and other structures.

Mountains and Hills
Mountains and hilly terrain can impede the flow of air, resulting in the buildup of pollutants in cities, towns, and industrialized areas.

Temperature Inversions
Temperature inversions result in the formation of warm-air lids that form over cities and even large regions, impeding the vertical mixing of air. This, in turn, traps cooler pollutant-laden air below.

19.3 The Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution adversely affects human health, damages the environment and the organisms that live in it, and damages buildings and a wide assortment of materials, costing billions of dollars a year.

The Health Effects of Air Pollution
Air pollution causes many immediate effects, such as shortness of breath, eye irritation, or upper respiratory tract irritation. Few people are aware of the source of these problems. In extreme cases, pollutants can become lethal.

Long-term exposure to air pollution may result in a number of diseases, including bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and lung cancer.

Three groups are generally the most susceptible to air pollution: the young, the old, and the infirm (sick).

Effects on Plants and Nonhuman Animals
Air pollution adversely affects plants, animals, and their habitat.

Effects on Materials
Air pollution damages many human-made materials, from metal to concrete and stone.

19.4 Air Pollution Control: Towards a Sustainable Strategy

Air pollution control is costly but appears to reap huge economic benefits – far in excess of the cost of controls.

Cleaner Air through Better Laws
The Clean Air Act has been strengthened over the years to provide a comprehensive means of reducing air pollution. It consists of many parts, including standards for emissions from various sources, air quality standards, and several market-based incentives designed to reduce the emissions of pollutants.

Cleaner Air through Technology: End-of-Pipe Solutions
To date, many efforts to control pollution have relied on end-of-pipe solutions, mostly pollution control devices that capture pollutants or convert them into (supposedly) less harmful substances.

Pollutants can be filtered from smokestack gases, precipitated out, or even washed out. The problem with these techniques is that the pollutant must then be disposed of. Disposal in landfills can result in the pollution of groundwater.

Emissions reductions from automobiles and other mobile sources are achieved by catalytic converters, devices that convert pollutants in the exhaust of cars to less harmful substances, at least from a human health perspective.

New Combustion Technologies
Burning coal and natural gas more efficiently in improved burners helps reduce the amount of pollution emitted per unit of energy consumption and can help society meet energy demands more sustainably.

Economics and Air Pollution Control
Air pollution control via end-of-pipe methods often adds substantial economic costs to various processes. It also produces waste products that, if not used for other purposes, end up in landfills.

Towards a Sustainable Strategy
Pollution prevention is a key element of a sustainable society. Pollution prevention results from enacting measures that promote conservation (frugality and efficiency), recycling, renewable resource use, and restoration of habitats.

19.5 Noise: The Forgotten Pollutant

What Is Sound?
Sound waves are compression waves that travel through the air. Sound is characterized by loudness (measured in decibels) and pitch (how high or low it is).

What Is Noise?
Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant sound. What individuals consider to be noise depends on many variables, such as the time of day or loudness of the sound.

Impacts of Noise
Noise affects us in many ways. It damages hearing, disrupts our sleep, and annoys us in our everyday lives. It interferes with conversation, concentration, relaxation, and leisure.

Controlling Noise
Noise levels can be controlled by redesigning machinery and other sources, by sound-insulating buildings, by separating noise generators from people, and by other measures.

19.6 Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor air pollutants come from combustion sources, from a variety of products that release potentially harmful substances, and even from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the ground beneath a building.

How Serious Is Indoor Air Pollution?
Indoor air pollution is present in millions of homes and offices and adversely affects millions of Americans.

Why Is Indoor Air in Buildings So Polluted?
Indoor air pollution has been around for centuries. Today, problems are created by efforts to reduce air infiltration which traps pollutants and the use of many new building materials and products that contain glues and other chemicals that are harmful to human health.

Controlling Indoor Air Pollutants
Solving indoor air pollution is not easy, but it can be done. Ways to build more healthful homes are becoming more widely known and many builders are adopting these practices.