Metal matrix composites terms and meaning

Aspect ratio: ratio of length to diameter of short fibres or whiskers.

Binder: an additional phase added to the reinforcement to create a preform, with the goal of increasing the tensile and shear strength of the preform for handling prior to infiltration. Colloidal silica is the most common binder for preforms, typically applied wet prior to shaping the preform, which is subsequently dried by firing. Binders may also be used in powder metallurgy methods to increase handling strength or to lubricate flow (in injection molding for example); they are then bumed off prior to consolidation.

Borsic: silicon carbide coated boron monofilaments.

Cellular metals (metal foams): highly porous metallic materiai; may be considered as MMC formed of a metal matrix "reinforced" by closed or open pores containing vacuum or gas (these are n ot considered composites in the present document).

Centrifugai infilt ration: an infiltration process in which centrifugai force is used to drive the molten matrix into the preform; typically, high angular velocities (severa} thousand rpm) are needed.

Cermet: a metal matrix composite with a three-dimensionally continuous ceramic reinforcement, typically with more ceramic than metal (generally containing less than 20% metal by volume). A cermet is thus both a ceramic matrix composite and a metal matrix composite.

Chopped fibres: short fibres produced by cutting a fibre into shorter discrete lengths.

Coating processes: see Deposition processes

Cold isostatic pressing (CIP): cold pressing of composites with application of hydrostatic pressure by means of a non­ compressible fluid such as oil, at temperatures too low to effect concurrent sintering of the matrix; for metal matrices this temperature is generally less than the matrix recrystallisation tem perature.

388 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Cold pressing of com posites: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of a piston, at temperatures too low to effect concurrent sintering of the matrix, which for metal matrices is generally below the matrix recrystallisation temperature.

Compocasting: a primary composite manufacturing process, a variant of stir-casting in which the metal is semi-solid, i.e., a rheocasting process incorporating the reinforcing ingredient materiai to form the composite. This aids incorporation of the particles, in particular because the metal is more viscous.

Composite consolidation: a primary composite manufacturing process in which the ingredient materials comprising matrix and reinforcement elements (generally the reinforcement coated with the matrix metal) are consolidated, with or without pressure, to eliminate porosity.

Composite: a composite (or composite materiai) is defined as a materiai that consists of at least two distinct phases (or combinations of phases) that are bonded together at the atomic level in the composite, each of which originates from a separate ingredient materiai that pre-exists the composite. The essential elements of this definition are: (i) composite refers to a materiai, as opposed to a structure or a component; as such a composite materiai is used for the fabrication of components of various shapes or functions, which distinguishes it from a wing or other structure made of severa} components bonded together, or from an electronic device or packaging structure made of layered materials (although one of the materials in the packaging could be considered a composite), and (ii) the composite is produced via a physical combination of at least two pre-existing ingredient materials; this distinguishes a composite from other multiphase materials which are produced by bulk processes where one or more phases result from phase transformation: directionally solidified eutectics or molten alloys from which a ceramic phase is solidified or precipitated are thus considered t o be alloys and not composites (even though their properties can be described using composite theory).

Continuous fibre (et) : a cylindrical ingredient materiai produced continuously to form an essentially endless reinforcement in the composite; usually delivered on bobbins of fibre tows, each tow consisting of many individuai fibres of diameters typically in the

APPENDDC 389
range of 5 to 20 µm. In the production process such fibres are often coated by a polymeric size or sizing.

Continuous fibre reinforced MMC (CFRM): a metal matrix composite with reinforcement of continuous fibres.

Continuous MMC primary process: a primary process for the production of MMC materiai from its ingredients in continuous fashion (e.g., foil-fibre-foil diffusion bonding using a rolling mill, or continuous infiltration).

Continuous reinforcement: a reinforcement that continues across the composite in at least one dimension (typically made of continuous fibres or an open-celled foam).

Deposition processes: processes that deposit (or coat) the matrix onto individuai reinforcement elements of the ingredient materiai. Examples include vapour deposition and electrolytic coating.

Diffusion bonding: a primary process for composite fabrication in the solid state, in which stacks of reinforcement preforms (usually parallel fibre monolayers) and matrix foils are stacked, encapsulated, and bonded together after evacuation by mechanical pressure.

Discontin uous reinforcement: a non-continuous reinforcement, taking the form of individuai elements embedded in the metal matrix (e.g., particulates, short fibres, whiskers).

Discontin uously reinforced MMC: a metal matrix composite with a discontinuous reinforcement.

Dispersoid (or dispersion) reinforced MMC: a metal matrix composite with a dispersoid reinforcement occupying a volume fraction in the materiai greater than 5% (otherwise, the materiai is considered a dispersion strengthened metal; incidentally it may form the matrix of any type of MMC, i.e., a MMC with dispersion-strengthened matrix).

Dispersoids (d): same as particulates except for the diameter, which is less than 1 µm.

Electrolytic co-deposition: a primary composite processing method that consists in electrolytic deposition of the matrix metal from a solution containing the reinforcement ingredient, so as to trap

390 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
the reinforcement within the deposited metal layer.

Electrolytic coating: a primary composite manufacturing process wherein the matrix is deposited from solution using electrochemical means onto individuai reinforcement elements.

Flake: a flat roughly equiaxed reinforcement. Graphite is, for example, often supplied in flake form (see platelet).

Foil-fibre-foil met hod (also called foil-fibre method ): process wherein layers of metal foil and ceramic monofilament fibres are alternatively stacked to produce precursor materials and subsequently hot pressed, also called diffusion bonding.

Forced infiltration: an infiltration process which is not spontaneous, i.e., which requires application of mechanical farce onto matrix or reinforcement.

Gas pressore infilt ration: a pressure infiltration process that uses pressurized gas to apply pressure on the metal surface.

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP): hot pressing of composites with application of hydrostatic pressure by means of a gas, at temperatures high enough to effect concurrent sintering of the matrix, which for metal matrices is generally above the matrix recrystallisation temperature.

Hot pressing: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of a piston, at temperatures high enough t o effect concurrent sintering of the matrix, which for metal matrices is generally above the matrix recrystallisation temperature.

Hybrid composite: a composite consisting of at least three (as opposed to two) distinct phases (or combinations of phases) that are bonded together at the atomic leve) in the composite, each of which originates from a separate ingredient materiai that preexists the composite (there were, hence, at least three ingredient materials).

Hybrid preform: a preform containing at least two types of ingredient materials that form at least two distinct reinforcements in the composite.

APPENDIX 391
Infiltration: a primary process of composite production whereby the molten metal matrix is made to fill, spontaneously or under force (i.e., with supply of extemal mechanical work), pores within a preform of the reinforcement.

Ingredient materiai supplier or prod ucer: a supplier or producer of ingredient materials that are used to make a composite (includes fibre or ceramic particle producers, as well as preform producers).

Ingredient materials: raw materials put together to produce the composite (e.g., the metal alloy, metal powder, ceramic particles, etc.)

In-situ MMC: a MMC in which the ingredient reinforcement materiai changes its nature during composite processing (e.g., TiB2 reacts to form TiC in some metals by adding carbon). To obtain a MMC, the reinforcement must, however, retain its identity
and in particular remain solid throughout processing of the reinforcement (otherwise, the materiai is a solidified alloy).

lnterface: the portion of the composite microstructure that lies between matrix and reinforcement. The interface may be a simple row of atomic bonds (e.g., the interface between alumina and pure aluminium), but may also include matrix/-reinforcement reaction products (e.g., aluminium carbide between aluminium and carbon fibres), or reinforcement coatings (e.g., interfacial coatings between SiC monofilaments and titanium matrices).

Interpenetrating phase composite (IPC): a composite in which both matrix and reinforcement phases are three-dimensionally continuous (in the sense that a line of a certain finite thickness can traverse the composite in all three directions without leaving either the matrix or the reinforcement) throughout the materiai. IPCs are produced for example by pressure-infiltration with molten metal of an open-pore ceramic foam or of a sintered ceramic powder preform.

Liquid phase sintering: powder consolidation of composites in the (at least temporary) presence of a liquid phase in the powder compact.

Locai reinforcement: see selectively reinforced metal or composite). Longitudinal property (such as modulus, strength, thermal expansion,

392 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
etc): the value of a property along the direction of aligned fibres or monofilaments.

Lorentz force infiltration, or electromagnetic infiltration: an infiltration process in which electromagnetic forces push the molten matrix into the preform.

Matrix coated fibre method: a type of composite consolidation process whereby continuous fibres or monofilaments are coated with metal matrix materiai prior to composite consolidation; coating may be by physical vapour depostion, or alternatively by sputtering techniques or by chemical means.

Mechanical pressore infiltration: a pressure infiltration process th at uses a moving solid part to apply pressure on the metal surface.

Metal Matrix Composite (MMC): a composite materiai in which a metal or alloy forms a continuous network.

Metal matrix: the continuous metal or alloy m a metal matrix composite that defines it as a MMC .

MMC component supplier or producer: a supplier or producer of metal matrix composite materiai components produced to final shape and microstructure (the producer performs at least secondary processing of the materiai).

MMC consumer: the user of an end-product that incorporates metal matrix composite materials (for example the cyclist with reference to a bicycle).

MMC designation: a method of indicating the composition (and in some cases the processing) of the MMC. Designations vary by company, although there exists a proposal for designation of aluminium composites by the Aluminum Association. We follow in the database the designation used by the companies, and in our own writings, we designate the composite as follows: accepted designation of the matrix I abbreviation of the reinforcement's designation I arrangement and volume fraction in % with symbol of type (shape) of reinforcement ( e.g., AA606 l I Al203 I 22 p).

MMC end-user: the producer of an end-product that incorporates metal matrix composite materials (for example a bicycle manufacturer)

APPENDIX 393

MMC insertion casting: a secondary process for production of partially reinforced components, in which a pre-fabricated MMC is placed within a mold, and incorporated into a metal or alloy by a casting process.

MMC supplier or prod ucer: a supplier or producer of metal matrix composite materials (producer performs at least primary processing of the materiai).

Monofilament reinforced (MFRM): metal matrix composite with reinforcement of monofilaments.

Monofilaments (ml): same essentially endless type of reinforcement as continuous fibres, except for a larger diameter, typically more than 100 µm. Monofilaments are generally produced by deposition onto a core fibre (most often of carbon or tungsten), and are delivered as individuai fibres instead of tows.

Partially reinforced metal or composite: see selectively reinforced metal or composite).

Particulate reinforced metal (PRM): metal matrix composite with a particulate reinforcement occupying a volume fraction in the materiai greater than 5% (otherwise, the particulate are generally considered to be inclusions).

Particulates (p): roughly equiaxed reinforcement or composite ingredient, usually of aspect ratio (ratio of largest to other two perpendicular diameters) less than about 5. Particulates can be both mono- or polycristalline, can take various shapes (spherical, angular, plate-like) and are typically greater than 1
µm in diameter.

Plasma spray method: primary processing method, variant of the foil­ fibre-foil method where monolayers of monofilament fibres or continuous fibre tows are plasma sprayed with the matrix metal and subsequently stacked and hot-pressed.

Platelets: flat reinforcements, generally of equiaxed cross-section within their piane, and most often single-crystals (their shape being derived from the growth characteristics of the crystal).

Powder cloth method : variant of the foil-fibre-foil method for pre­ production of monofilament reinforced metal, in which matrix

394 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
metal powders and a binder are mixed and rolled or slurry-cast into a cloth or foil before stacking and subsequent hot pressing.

Powder consolidation: a primary process for composite fabrication in which matrix in powder form is blended or otherwise placed next to the reinforcing phase elements and consolidated, with or without pressure, to eliminate porosity.

Powder extrosion: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of an extrusion press. Cold extrusion is below the metal recrystallisation temperature, h ot extrusion above.

Powder forging: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of a forging press. Cold forging is below the metal recrystallisation temperature, hot forging above.

Powder pressing: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of a piston.

Powder rolling: powder consolidation of composites with application of pressure by means of a rolling mili. Cold rolling is below the metal recrystallisation temperature, hot rolling above.

Pre-processing: ali steps which precede primary processing ( e.g., surface treatment of ingredient materials, or preform fabrication for infiltration processing).

Preform: a shaped porous assembly of ingredient materiai elements (such as fibres, whiskers or particles). Typically, preforms are produced for subsequent infiltration with liquid metal, or in fibre layer I metal foil I fibre layer stacks prior to diffusion bonding. The mechanical stability of the shape may be provided by the adjunction of a binder, potentially but not always fugitive, and amounting to only a few mass % of the preform.

Pressore die casting (UK terminology) or Die casting (US terminology): a casting process in which a piston pushes the melt into a solid mould causing turbulent flow.

Pressore die infiltration: an infiltration process applying pressure die casting, in which a preform is placed into a solid mould, and pressure infiltration is effected with a moving solid piston.

Pressore infiltration : an infiltration process in which hydrostatic

APPENDIX 395
pressure is applied onto the molten matrix surface to drive i t into the preform.

Primary processing: production of the composite materiai by combining its ingredient materials, but not necessarily to final shape or final microstructure.

Producer: an industriai or research institution that produces MMC or MMC ingredient materials, or products thereof.

Random planar: a term used to describe the orientation of short fibers within a preform, and meaning that their axes are random, but restricted to a single plane. Generally, this is the plane perpendicular to the direction along which the fibers were pressed when preparing the preform.

Reinforcement: a phase or combination of phases originating from th e ingredient materiai which is combined with a metal or an alloy to produce a metal matrix composite ( e.g., alumina fibres, silicon carbide whiskers, steel fibres, or graphite particles, even if this last reinforcement does not "reinforce" the matrix). A reinforcement is characterised by its chemical composition, its shape and dimensions, its properties as ingredient materiai and its volume fraction and spatial distribution in the matrix.

Rheocasting: a family of metal alloy or composite processes th at involve the solidification of stirred semi-solid metal (typically, the resulting semi-solid slurry exhibits strongly thixotropic behaviour).

Roving: a bundle of fibre tows (twisted or untwisted).

Secondary processing: processing steps that follow primary processing, and aim to alter the shape or microstructure of the materiai ( e.g., shape casting, forging, extrusion, heat­ treatment, machining).

Selectively reinforced metal or composite: semi-product or component that contains MMC materiai metallurgically bonded to a conventional metal or alloy ( e.g., by diffusion bonding, insertion casting, or co-extrusion). The result is a materiai or a component of a given metal or alloy that is only reinforced over a portion of its volume. A typical example is that of Al-Si automotive components produced by pressure casting and infiltration, which are reinforced only in certain areas (such as

396 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
the ring land areas or cylinder liner surfaces) with ceramic short fibres or particles.

Semi-solid forming: a family of metal alloy or composite forming processes that use semi-solid metal.

Short fibre reinforced metal (SFRM): metal matrix composite with a short fibre reinforcement.

Short fibres (st): non-continuous reinforcement or composite ingredient with a ratio of length to diameter above 5 and of diameter typically above 1 µm.

Shot: roughly spherical ceramic inclusions found in many short fibre preforms, larger than the fibres in diameter, and which are an unwanted by-product of the fibre manufacturing process. These tend to reduce composite mechanical properties (in particular with regard to fatigue strength, as they serve as crack initiation sites). It is difficult to purchase shot-free ceramic short fibres because these fibres are generally mass-produced as thermal insulation, and only sold in marginai quantities for metal matrix composite reinforcement.

Sintering: powder consolidation of composites without application of pressure.

Sizing, or Size: a thin coating (typically polymer) on many continuous fibres designed to prevent fiber surface damage during winding and handling, and to optimize the interfacial bond (generally, however, sizings found on commerciai fibers are designed for the production of polymer, not metal, matrix composites).

Slurry tape casting: a pre-processing method where monofilaments are coated with a slurry of matrix metal powder thus forming a "tape" that can be stacked and hot pressed to form MFRM.

Spontaneous infiltration: an infiltration process in which the matrix penetrates the preform spontaneously without added farce, either naturally ( e.g., copper into tungsten), or artificially ( e.g., by coating nickel onto the reinforcement for infiltration with aluminium, or by contrai of the atmosphere and the alloy composition as in the Lanxide Primex™ process).

Spray casting: a primary process of composite production whereby the metal is sprayed onto a substrate. For composites, the

APPENDO{ 397
reinforcement is either already incorporated in the sprayed melt ( e.g., by stir-casting), is combined during spraying with the metal, by injection of the reinforcement ingredient materiai into the sprayed metal droplet stream, or is co-sprayed, i.e., sprayed at the same time as the matrix onto the substrate.

Spray deposition: a primary process similar to spray casting except that the substrate is the reinforcement, i.e., the matrix is sprayed on to the reinforcement typically as monolayers which are subsequently consolidated.

Squeeze casting: a casting process in which a piston pushes molten or semi-solid metallic materiai into a solid mould. Variants include direct squeeze casting, in which the piston surface represents a fraction of the final casting surface; and indirect sq ueeze casting, in which the piston acts on the metal outside the die providing laminar flow of the melt into the die.

Squeeze casting infiltration: a mechanical pressure infiltration process in which a preform is placed into a solid mould, and pressure infiltration is affected with a moving solid piston providing laminar flow of the molten matrix into the mould.

Staple fibres: short fibres

Stir casting: a primary process of composite production whereby the reinforcement ingredient materiai is incorporated into the molten metal by stirring the latter in contact with the former.

Supplier: an industriai or research institution that markets and sells MMC or MMC ingredient materials, or products thereof.

Thixocasting: a family of metal alloy or composite casting or forming processes which shape partially remelted thixotropic semi-solid metallic materials by deformation (thixotropy refers t o materials that have a time dependent shear strength, and many metal alloys and composites display this behaviour in the semi­ solid state).

Tow: a bundle of continuous fibres, typically several thousand; they are produced in such bundles and wound on a spool for delivery.

Transverse property (such as modulus, strength, thermal expansion, etc): the value of a property along a direction normai t o aligned fibres or monofilaments.

398 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Ultrasonic infiltration: an infiltration process in which ultrasonic pressure waves are used to drive the molten matrix into the preform.

Vacuum infiltration: an infiltration process in which a hydrostatic pressure of one bar applied by the atmosphere onto the molten matrix drives it into an evacuated preform. The vacuum can in some processes be self-generated , for example by reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen within the preform.

Vapour deposition (in the context of composite production): a primary process for composite production wherein the matrix is deposited from the vapour phase onto individuai reinforcement elements of the ingredient materiai. Vapour deposition onto a thin carbon or tungsten fibre is also used to produce monofilaments.

Vapour infiltration processing: a primary process for composite production wherein the matrix is gradually deposited from the vapour phase into open pores of a reinforcement preform (generally used for ceramic matrix composite production).

Whisker reinforced metal (WRM): metal matrix composite with a whisker reinforcement.

Whiskers (w): elongated single crystals, typically produced with a length to diameter ratio greater than 1O and of diameter usually less than 1µm.

Wire: a continuous fibre or monofilament made of metal, typically of diameter equal to or greater than 100 µm.

Wire wind ing: a pre-processing method for production of monofilament reinforced metal which consists in co-winding metal wires and ceramic fibres for subsequent hot pressing.

APPENDIX 399
APPENDIX B - Database keywords
1 - COMPANIES

Composite prod ucers Manufacturer of components Supply-house
End-user Other

Primary processing Deposition
Diffusion bonding Infiltration
Liquid phase sintering Plasma spray
Powder metallurgy Spray casting
Stir casting Other

Secondary processing Casting
Extrusion Forging Joining Machining Rolling
Thermal treatment Surface treatment Other

Other keywords
Country (in address): Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, lsrael, Italy, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA.

2 - MATERIAL

Materiai

Matrix: searchable by main matrix alloy element: Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mg, Ti, Be, ...

Reinforcement: searchable by
• the four categories: p = particulate, sf = short fibre, w=whisker, cf =

400 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
continuous fibre, mf = monofilament, and
• chemical identity from among Al203, TiC, SiC, B, B4C, BeO, Gr (graphite) and SiB6.

Property advantages Isotropie

Primary processing Deposition
Diffusion bonding Infiltrati on
Liquid phase sintering Plasma spray
Powder metallurgy Spray casting
Stir casting Other

Secondary processing Casting
Extrusion Forging Machining
Surface treatments Thermal treatments Other

lnd ust ries: Aerospace
Automotive and Transportation Chemical, Gas and Oil Communications
Defence
Electrical and Electronics Manufacturing
Mining, Iron and Steel Power
Recreation Other

A pplications: Braking: wear Coatings/Linings
Combustion Engines: wear

Neutron Absorption Structural
Structural: high-temperature Structural: sheet
Structural: tubing
Therm Management: electronics Wear/Corrosion Resistance
Other (search text box)
3 - PRODUCTS

APPENDIX 401

"Component" and "Description"
various terms, including Bicycle
Biade Brake Brake Conductor
Crankshaft pu lley Cylinder
Die Diesel
Driveshaft
Electronic packaging Engine cradle
Fan Exit Guide Vanes Fin
Fuel access covers Golf
Heat spreader Helicopter Lacrosse Landing gear Manifold Piston Propshaft Pushrod
Rack Satellites Shoe Stiffeners Tyre Valve Watch

402
Form Casting Cladding Coating Drawn Extrusion Forging Sheet

METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

BIBLIOGRAPHY ANO REFERENCES 403
BIBLIOGRAPHY ANO REFERENCES
A • Bibliography

The most up-to-date and complete source of information on metal matrix composites is the recent encyclopedia published by Elsevier, titled Comprehensive Composite Materiai, edited by A. Kelly and C. Zweben, and in particular its Volume 3, devoted to metal matrix composites and edited by T.W. Clyne. Among many relevant articles in this six-volume encyclopedia, the following cover directly the materials, their processing and their applications. Many other chapters in this work also provide detailed coverage of microstructure - property relations in metal matrix composites.

Clyne T.W.: "An Introductory Overview of MMC Systems, Types, and Developments, Chapter 3.01" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites,
T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 1-26.

Prangnell P.B.: "Precipitation Behaviors in MMCs, Chapter 3.03" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 61-90.

Mortensen A.: "Melt Infiltration of Metal Matrix Composite, Chapter 3.20" i n Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 521-554.

Lloyd D. and Jin I.: "Melt Processed Aluminum Matrix Particle Reinforced Composites, Chapter 3.21" in Comprehensive Composite Materia/s, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites,
T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 555-577.

Li B. and Lavernia E.: "Spray Fonning of MMCs, Chapter 3.23" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 617-653.

Ward-Close C.M., Robertson J.G. and Godfrey S.P.: "Fabrication of Monofilament Reinforced Titanium, Chapter 3.24" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 679-700.

Gheorghe I. and Rack H.J.: "Powder Processing of Metal Matrix Composites, Chapter 3.25" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 679-700.

Hunt W.H.: "Particulate Reinforced MMCs, Chapter 3.26" in Comprehensive Composite Materia/s, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 701-715.

Maruyama B.: "Continuously Reinforced MMCs, Chapter 3.27" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 717-739.

404 METAL MATRJX COMPOSITES
Miracle D.: "Intermetallic Matrix Composites, Chapter 3.28" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 741-778.

Bader M.G.: "The Composites Market, Chapter 6.01" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 6: Metal Matrix Composites M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 1-13.

Hunt W.H.: "Metal Matrix Composites, Chapter 6.05" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 6: Metal Matrix Composites M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 57-66.

Hayashi T.: "Application of MMCs to Engine Cylinder Blocks and Brake Disks, Chapter 6.18" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 6: Metal Matrix Composites M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 375-379.

Chung D.D.L. and Zweben C.: "Composites for Electronic Packaging and Thermal Management, Chapter 6.38" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 6: Metal Matrix Composites M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 701-725.

A few handbooks previde sources of engineering information and data on metal matrix composite; recent handbooks of relevance include:
The ASM Handbook lOth Edition, Volume 21 - Composites, D.B. Miracle and S.L. Donaldson Eds., Materials Park OH, 2001. Sections of other volumes of the ASM Handbook l Oth Edition (formerly the Metals Handbook) also are relevant to metal matrix composites, e.g., Volume 2 ( Properties and Selection-Non-ferrous Alloys and Special Purpose Materials, 1990) and Volume 7 ( Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, 1998).

Carbon and High Performance Fibres - Directory and Databook, Sixth Edition, by D.R. Lovell and T. Starr, Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 1995.

Other genera! references on metal matrix composites include the following monographs, edited books, or book chapters:

Clyne T.W. and Withers P.J.: An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993.

Suresh S., Mortensen A. and Needleman A., eds: Fundamentals of Metal Matrix Composites Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA, USA, 1993.

Everett R.K. and Arsenault R.J., ed.: Metal Matrix Composites: Processing and Interfaces, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, San Diego, CA, USA, 1991.

Taya M. and Arsenault R.J.: Metal Matrix Composites: Thermomechanical Behavior,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1989.

Chawla K.K.: Composite Materials, Science and Engineering, Second Edition, Springer Verlag, New York, 1998 (covers ali classes of composites).

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 405
Suresh S. and Mortensen A.: Fundamentals of Functionally Graded Materials, The Institute of Materials, Book 698, London, UK, 1998 (scope is limited to graded MMCs).

Asthana, R.: Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals, Trans-Tech Publications Ltd., Uetikon-Zurich, 1998.

Relevant review articles include:

Chawla K.K.: "Metal Matrix Composites" in Materials Science and Technology. 13: Structure and Properties of Composites. R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E.J. Kramer, eds, VCH, 1993, pp. 121-179.

Rohatgi P.K., Asthana R. and Das S.: "Solidification, Structures, and Properties of Cast Metal-Ceramic Particle Composites", lntern. Metals Rev., 1986, voi. 31, pp. 115-139.

Mortensen A and Jin I.: "Solidification Processing of Metal Matrix Composites",
Intern. Mater. Rev., 1992, voi. 37, pp. 101-128.

Partridge P.G. and Ward-Close C.M.: "Processing of advanced continuous fibre composites: Current practice and potential developments", Intern. Mater. Rev., 1993, voi. 38, pp. 1-24.

Lloyd, D.J.: "Particle Reinforced Aluminium and Magnesium Matrix Composites",
Intern. Mater. Rev.., 1994, voi. 39, pp. 1-23.

Hihara L.H. and Latanision R.M.: Corrosion of Aluminum-Matrix Composites, Intern. Mater. Rev., 1994, voi. 39, p. 245.

Ellis M.B.D.: "Joining of Aluminium based Metal Matrix Composites'', Intern. Mater. Rev., 1996, voi. 41, pp. 41-58.

Tong S.C. and Ma Z.Y.: "Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of In-situ Metal Matrix Composites" in Materials Science and Engineering R (Reports), 2000, voi. 29, pp. 49-113.

At a more introductory level, a recent source of information is the Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, K.H. Jiirgen Buschow, Robert W. Cahn, Merton C. Flemings, Bernhard Ilschner, Edward J. Kramer and Subhash Mahajan Eds., Elsevier Science, Oxford UK (2001). Relevant entries include:

• Carbon Fibers, by L. M. Manocha
• Carbons and Graphites, Mechanical Properties of, by B. McEnaney
• Cermets and Hardmetals, by D. Mari
• Composite Materials, Microstructural Design of, by M. F. Ashby
• Composite Materials: Environmental Effects, by A. R. Bunsell
• Composite Materials: Overview, by A. Kelly and A. Mortensen
• Composites, Joining of, by F. L. Matthews

406 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

• Composites, Microstructure of: Quantitative Description, by J.-L. Chermant and
M. Coster
• Composites, Physical Properties of, by P. J. Withers
• Composites: Interfaces, by T. W. Clyne
• Continuous Parallel Fiber Composites: Deformation and Strength, by L. N.
McCartney and W. R. Broughton
• Continuous Parallel Fiber Composites: Fracture, by B. S. Majumdar and D. Hunston
• Cutting-tool Materials, by R. Komanduri
• Designing with Composites, by S. M. Spearing and P. A. Lagace
• Elastic properties of Composites, by A. Cervenka
• Electronic Packaging: Heat Sink Materials, by C. Zweben
• Fatigue of Particle Reinforced Materials, by N. Chawla and J. E. Allison
• Fibers with High Modulus, by A. R. Bunsell
• Fibrous Reinforcements for Composites: Overview, by K. K. Chawla
• Freeform Fabrication, by P. Calvert
• Functionally Graded Materials, by A. Neubrand
• Glass Fibers, by K. K. Chawla
• Laminates: Physical and Mechanical Behavior, by L. N. McCartney
• Mechanical Testing Methods of Fibers and Composites, by U. Ramamurty
• Metal Matrix Composites with Roughly Equiaxed Reinforcements: Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior, by D. Lloyd
• Metal Matrix Composites, Recycling of, by H. P. Degischer
• Metal Matrix Composites: Matrices and Processing, by T. W. Clyne and F. R.
Jones
• Reaction Forming, by K. H. Sandhage and N. Claussen.
• Whiskers, by J. Katz

The web site of the MMC-ASSESS E.U. Thematic Network:

<http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/>

contains much relevant information on metal matrix composites, including several downloadable reviews covering various aspects of these materials ( e.g., heat treating, machining, joining, rnetallographic preparation, ...) available at:

<http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/61 index.htm>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
B - Specific references of the text

407

Chapter 1

1. Teny B. and Jones G.: Metal Matrix Composites, Current Developments and Future Trends in Industria! Research and Applications, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford, UK, 1990, p.105.

2. Rittner M.R.: JOM, 2000, voi. 52, pp. 43.

3. <http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/>

Chapter 2

1. Fitzgerald T.J., Michaud V.J., and Mortensen A.: J. Mater. Sci., 1995, voi. 30, pp. 1037
- 1045.

2. Zwilsky K.M. and Grant N.J.: Trans. AIME-Journal of Metals, 1957, voi. 9, pp. 1197- 1201.

3. McNelley T.R., G.R E., François D., McCarthy W.H., Shyne J.C., and Sherby O.D.:
Metal!. Trans., 1972, voi. 3, pp. 1316-1318.

4. Klier E.M., Mortensen A., Cornie J.A., and Flemings M.C.: J Mater. Sci., 1991, voi. 26, pp. 2519-2526.

5. Knapp, C.K., et al.: Composites and Method Therefor, US Patent No. 5,477,905, 1995.

6. Skibo, M.D. & Schuster, D.M. Process for Preparation of Composite Materials Containing Nonmetallic Particles in a Metallic Matrix, and Composite Materials Made Thereby, U.S. Patent 4,786,467, 1988.

7. Skibo, M.D. and Schuster, D.M. Process for Production of Metal Matrix Composites by Casting and Composite Therefrom, U.S. Patent 4,759,995, 1988.

8. Skibo, M.D. and Schuster, D.M. Process for Preparation of Composite Materials Containing Nonmetallic Particles in a Metallic Matrix, U.S. Patent 4,865,806, 1989.

9. Hunt W.H.: "Particulate Reinforced MMCs, Chapter 3.26" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Vol. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 701-715.

10. DWA Aluminum Composites: Data Sheets provided by DWA Chatsworth CA, USA.
<http//:www.dwa-dra.com>.

11. Aerospace Metal Composites: Data sheets provided by Aerospace Metal Composites (AMC) Farnborough, UK. (http://www.amc-mmc.co.uk).

12. Duralcan: Data Sheets provided by Duralcan USA, Div. Alcan Aluminum Corp., San Diego.

13. Parvizi-Majidi A.: "Particulate Reinforced MMCs, Chapter 3.26" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. / : Reinforcement Materials and Generai Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 175-198.

408 METAL MATRIX COMPOS!TES

14. Katz J.D.: "Whiskers" in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, R.W.C.
K.H.J. Buschow, M.C. Flemings, B. Ilschner, E.J. Kramer and S. Mahajan, ed., Elsevier Science, Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2001, pp. 9571-9575.

15. Chawla K.K.: Fibrous Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998, p. 293.

16. Shindo A.: "Polyacrylonitrile (PAM)- based Carbon Fibers, Chapter 1.01" i n Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. I: Reinforcement Materials and Genera! Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 1-33.

17. Diefendorf R.J.: "Pitch Precursor Carbon Fibers, Chapter 1.02" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. I : Reinforcement Materials and Generai Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 35-83.

18. Ichikawa H. and Ishikawa T.: "Silicon Carbide Fibers (Organometallic Pyrolysis), Chapter 1.04" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. I : Reinforcement Materials and Generai Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 107-145.

19. Berger M.H. and Bunsell A.R.: "Oxide Fibers, Chapter 1.05" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. I : Reinforcement Materials and Generai Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 147-173.

20. Neussl E., Sahm P.R. and Flower H.M.: Advanced Eng. Mater., 2000, voi. 2, pp. 587- 592.

21. 3M: Ceramic Textiles Technical Notebook, St. Paul MN, 1998. <http://www.mmm.com lmarket/industriallceramicslpdfslnextel _tech_note book.pdf>,

22. Wilson D.M. and Visser L.R.: Composites Part A, 2001, voi. 32, pp. 1143-1 153.

23. Maruyama B.: "Continuously Reinforced MMCs, Chapter 3.27" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 717-739.

24. 3M: Aluminum Matrix Composite: Typical Properties Data Sheet, St. Paul MN, 200 l .
<http://www.3M.com/marketlindustrial/mmcl>.

25. Mendelson G.: Trackside, 1996, voi. 7, pp. 82-88.

26. Curtin W.A.: Advances in Applied Mechanics, 1999, voi. 36, pp.163-253.

27. Phoenix S.L. and Beyerlein I.J.: "Statistica! Strength Theory for Fibrous Composite Materials, Chapter l.19" in Statistica! Strength Theory For Fibrous Composite Materials, T.W. Chou, ed., Comprehensive Composite Materials, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 559-639.

28. Murakami Y., Nakao K., Shindo A, Honjo K. and Ochiai S.: in Proc. of lnt. Symp. on Composite Materials and Structures, Proc. Conf., Beijing, June 10-13, T.T. Loo and
C.T. Sun, ed., Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster - Base!, 1986, pp. 1045-1050

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 409
29. 3M: Continuous Fiber Aluminum Matrix Composites /or High Speed Rotors, St. Paul MN, 2000. <http://www. 3m.com/market/industriallmmc/reinforced _rings. html>.

30. Deve H.E. and McCullough C.: JOM (J. of TMS), 1995, voi. 47, pp. 33-47.

31. McCullough C., Deve H.E., and Channel T.E.: Mater. Sci. & Eng., 1994, voi. A189, pp. 147-154.

32. Fukunaga H. and Goda K.: Bulletin of the JSME, 1985, voi. 28, pp. 1-6.

33. Donomoto T., Tanaka A., Tatematsu Y. and Akai, T.: Fiber Reinforced Metal Type Composite Materiai with High Purity Aluminum Alloy Containing Magnesium as Matrix Metal, U.S. Patent No.4,450,207, 1984.

34. Cullough C.M., Galuska P., and Pittman S.R.: in Design Fundamentals of High­ Temperature Composites, Proc. Conf., Anaheim, CA, USA, RY. Lin, Y.A. Chang, R.G. Reddy and C.T. Liu, ed., TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, 1995, pp. 15-28.

35. Neussl E., Fettweis D., Sahm P.R., Yong S., and Flower H.M, Proc. Conf. Euromat-99, Munich, T.W. Clyne and F.Simancik Eds., VCH/Wiley, Weinheim D., 1999, pp. 119- 130.

36. Wawner F.E.: "Statistica! Strength Theory for Fibrous Composite Materials, Chapter 1.19" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 1: Reinforcement Materials and Generai Theories, T.W. Chou, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 85-105.

37. Miracle D.: "Statistica! Strength Theory for Fibrous Composite Materials, Chapter 1.19" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 741-778.

38. Mortensen A., Cornie J.A., and Flemings M.C.: Metal/. Trans., 1988, voi. 19A, pp. 709-721.

39. Kelly A. and Macmillan N.H.: Strong Solids, 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1986, pp. 299-303.

Chapter 3

1. Michaud V.J.: "Liquid-State Processing, Chapter l" in Fundamentals of Metal Matrix Composi/es, S. Suresh, A. Mortensen and A. Needleman, Eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 2-22.

2. Clyne T.W. and Withers P.J. : An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993, pp. 318-369.

3. Mortensen A.: "Melt Infiltration of Metal Matrix Composite, Chapter 3.20" i n Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 521-554.

4. Lloyd D. and Jin I.: "Melt Processed Aluminum Matrix Particle Reinforced Composites, Chapter 3.21" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 555-577.

410 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

5. Li B. and Lavernia E.: "Spray Forming of MMCs, Chapter 3.23" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 617-653.

6. Mortensen A. and Jin I.: lntern. Mater. Rev., 1992, voi. 37, pp. 101-128 (1992).

7. Eustathopoulos N. and Mortensen A.: "Capillary Phenomena, Interfacial Bonding and Reactivity, Chapter 3" in Fundamentals o/ Metal Matrix Composites, S. Suresh, A Mortensen and A. Needleman, Eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 42 - 58.

8. Garcia-Cordovilla C., Louis E., and Narciso J.: Acta Mater., 1999, voi. 47, pp. 4461- 4479.

9. Clyne T.W. and Withers P.J.: An lntroduction to Metal Matrix Composites,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993, pp. 166-217.

10. Lloyd D.J.: lntern. Mater. Rev., 1994, voi. 39, pp. 1-23.

11. RUhle M.: "Stucture and Chemistry of Metal/Ceramic lnterfaces" in Fundamentals o/ Metal Matrix Composites, S. Suresh, A Mortensen and A Needleman, Eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 81-108.

12. Gheorghe I., and Rack H.J.: "Powder Processing of Metal Matrix Composites, Chapter 3.25" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Val. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 679-700.

13. Rack H.J.: "Powder Techniques in Processing of Metal Matrix Composites" in Metal Matrix Composites: Processing and lnterfaces, Everett R.K., and Arsenault R.J., Eds, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, San Diego, CA, USA, 1991, pp. 83-101.

14. Ghosh A.K.: "Solid State Processing, Chapter 2" in Fundamentals o/ Metal Matrix Composites, S. Suresh, A. Mortensen and A Needleman, Eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 23-41.

15. Taylor N., Dunand D.C. and Mortensen A.: Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1993, voi. 41, 955-965.

16. Ward-Close C.M., Robertson J.G., and Godfrey S.P.: "Fabrication of Monofilament Reinforced Titanium, Chapter 3.24" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Val. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 679-700.

17. Everett R.K.: "Deposition Technologies for MMC Fabrication" in Metal Matrix Composites: Processing and lnterfaces, Everett R.K., and Arsenault R.J., Eds, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, San Diego, CA, USA, 1991, pp. 103- 119.

18. Tong S.C. and Ma Z.Y.: Materials Science and Engineering R (Reports), 2000, voi. 29, pp. 49-113.

19. Lewis III D.: "In Situ Reinforcement of Metal Matrix Composites" in Meta( Matrix Composites: Processing and lnterfaces, Everett R.K., and Arsenault R.J., Eds, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, San Diego, CA, USA, 1991, pp. 121- 150.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 41 1

20. Klier E. M., Mortensen A., Cornie J.A. and Flemings M.C., Journal of Materials Science , 1991, voi. 26, pp. 2519-2526.

21. Hansen N. and Barlow C.: "Microstructural Evolution in Whisker and Particle Containing Materials" in Fundamentals of Metal Matrix Composites, S. Suresh, A Mortensen and A. Needleman, Eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 109-118.

22. Calhoun R.B. and Dunand D.C.: "Dislocations in Metal Matrix Composites, Chapter 3.02" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 27-59.

23. Clyne T.W. and Wither P.J.: An Jntroduction to Metal Matrix Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993, pp. 370-398.

24. Kouzeli M. and Mortensen A.: Acta Materialia, 2002, voi. 50, pp 39-51.

25. Suresh S. and Chawla K.K.: "Aging Characteristics of Reinforced Metals" i n Fundamentals of Metal Matrix Composites, S. Suresh, A. Mortensen and A Needleman, eds., Butterworths, Boston, 1993, pp. 119-136.

26. Merle P.: Thermal Treatments of Age-hardenable Metal Matrix Composites, Overview on thermal treatments /or metal matrix composites, 24 pages, 2000, voi. 2.
<http:/lmmc-assess. tuwien.ac.at/61index.htm>.

27. Prangnell P.B.: "Precipitation Behaviors in MMCs, Chapter 3.03" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, Voi. 3: Metal Matrix Composites, T.W. Clyne, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, pp. 61-90.

28. Persson H.: Machining guidelines of Al/SiC particulate MMC - Overview machining on Al/SiC MMC, 13 pages, 2001. voi. 8. <http://mmc- assess.tuwien.ac. at/61 index.htm>.

29. Ellis M.B.D.: Joining of Aluminium based Metal Matrix Composites, Intern. Mater. Rev., 1996, voi. 41, pp. 41-58.

30. Persson H.: Guidelines /or joining of metal matrix composites, 12 pages, 2001, voi.
6. <http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/61 index.htm>.

Chapter 4

1. Pollak P.: "Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Activities at the Aluminum Association, Inc." in Proc. Second lnternational Conference on Cast Metal Matrix Composites", D.M. Stefanescu and S. Sen, Eds., American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, Ili. USA, 1994, pp. 20-28.

Chapter 5

(Note: /or compatibility with the electronic database, these are listed alphabetically)

3M: company brochure, 1999.

3M: Continuous Fiber Aluminum Matrix Composite /or High Speed Rotors, report,
2000.

412 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Aerospace Metal Composites Limited: AMC225xe Data Sheet, 2000. Aerospace Metal Composites Limited: AMC640xe Data Sheet, 2000. Aerospace Metal Composites Limited: preliminary data sheet, 2000. Alcan: Duralan datasheets, 1999.
Alloy Technology International, Inc.: product brochure, 1999. AMETEK: HIVOL™ materiai datasheet, 2000.
ART, Inc.: The Mark of Excellence, 2000, voi. 7.

BDM Federai, Inc.: Metal Matrix Composites: Sector Study, North American Technology and Industriai Base Organization (NATIBO), 1993.

Beli J.A.E, Cushnie K.K, Warner A.E.M, Hansen G.C.: Method of forming metal matrix fiber composites, US patent no. 5,967,400, December 1, 1997.

Beli J.A.E., Hansen G.C.: Continuous Carbon Fiber Nickel Aluminide Matrix Composites,
private publication.

Brown A.M., Klier E.M.: Machineable Metal-Matrix Composite, US patent no. 5,702,542, December 18, 1995.

Brown A.M., Klier E.M.: Machineable Metal-Matrix Composite and Liquid Metal Infiltration Process /or Making Same, US patent no. 5,511,603, June 16, 1994.

Brush Wellman Inc.: Beryllium Metal Matrix Composite: Avionics Materials, product brochure MAE-002.

Brush Wellman Inc: product brochure MAE-001. Brush Wellman lnc: persona! communication, 2000.
Burke, J.T.: Method /or forming metal matrix composite bodies with a dispersion casting technique, US patent no. 5,222,542, March 18, 1991.

Burke J.T.: Method for forming metal matrix composite bodies with a dispersion casting technique and products produced thereby, US patent no. 5,000,247, November 10, 1988.

Burke J.T.: lnvestment casting technique far the formation of metal matrix composite bodies and products produced thereby, US patent no.; 5,010,945, November 10, 1988.

Burke J.T.: Investment casting technique /or the formation of metal matrix composite bodies and products produced thereby, US patent no. 5,197,528 Aprii 29, 1991.

Ceramics Process Systems: CPS Property Summary, 1999. Chandley G.D.: persona! communications, 1999.
Chesapeake Composites: DSC™ Preliminary Data Sheet, 1999.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 413

Donomoto T., Miura N., Funatani K., Miyake N.: SAE technical paper n° 83052, 1983. DWA Aluminum Composites: datasheet, 2000.
Froes F.H.: Light Metal Age, 1999, voi. 57, p.92.

Forges de Bologne: L 'intelligence dans la transformations du metal, product brochure.

Genma K., Tsunekawata Y., Okumiya M., Mori N., Suzuki H.: Manufacture of metal matrix composites, Japanese patent no. JPl 0306334, November 17, 1998.

Gerard D.A., Suganuma T., Mikkola P.H., Mortensen A.: "Solidification-Processed Metal Matrix Composites for the Transportation Industries" in Proceedings of the Merton C. Flemings Symposium on Solidification and Materials Processing, R. Abbaschian, H Brody and A. Mortensen, eds, TMS, Warrendale PA, 2001, pp. 475-488.

Goni J., Mitxelena I., Coleto J.: "Development of low cost metal matrix composites for commerciai applications" in Materials Science and Technology, 2000, voi. 16, pp. 743- 746.

Goodfellow: Product Catalogue, 1999.

Grensig F.C., Hashiguchi D.: Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy AM / 62, Brush Wellman MAAB-009.

Herling D.R., Grant G.J., Hunt W.: Advanced Materials and Processes, July 2001, pp.37-
41.

Hitchiner Manufacturing Company, Inc.: Technical Update 3D6.

Hollins M.: "Brake Discs for the Lotus Elise" in Metal Matrix Composites VI, The Royal Society London (mentioned briefly in the introduction to the proceedings, Materials Science and Technology,vol. 14 (9-10), 1998 but not included as an article), 1997.

KS Aluminium Technologie AG: company specification sheet.

KS Aluminium Technologie AG: High-pressure die cast and squeeze cast engine blocks made of aluminium, company brochure.

Lanxide Electronic Components: LEC Materiai Selector, 1999. Lanxide Electronic Components: Press Release March, 1996. Lanxide Electronic Components: Press Release June 5, 1997. Magnesium Elektron: MELRAM Preliminary Data, 1993.
Marder J.M.: Advanced Materials & Processes, October 1997, pp. 37-40.

Maruyama B.: "Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites" in Advanced Materials &
Processes Technology, Information Analysis Center (AMPTIAC) Newsletter, 1998, voi. 2. Mendelson G.: Trackside, 1996, voi. 7, p.82-8.

414 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Millenium Materials, Inc.: datasheet, 2000.

MUller-Schwelling D., Rohrle M.D.: MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift 49, 1988, voi. 2.

Parsonage T.: Development of Aluminium Beryllium /or Structural applications, Brush Wellman MAAB-006.

PCC Advanced Forming Technology: A!SiC™ Materiai Data Sheet, Resource Library, 1998.

Polese: AlSiC Heatsinks, Product Information, 1999.

Rodriguez P. et al.: ASME EEP-Vol.19.2 Advances in Electronic Packaging, 1997, voi. 2, pp.1-6.

Sonuparlak B., Andrews D.J.: Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum /or Performance Thermal Management Applications, PCC Advanced Forming Technology, 1998.

Textron systems: persona! comm unications, 2000.

White D.R, Urquhart A.W., Aghajanian M.K., Creber D.K.: Metal matrix composi/es, US patent no. 5,395,70 I , June 16, 1993

Warner A.E.M.: The value of graphite in aluminium MMCs, Inco Ltd, presentation at Second Annua! Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Meeting, 1999.

Wirth X.: "Ceramic alloys offer weight and cost gains" in Railway Gazette International,
June 1995.

Wood J.T.: Production and Applications of Continuously Cast, Foamed Aluminium,
Proceedings of the Fraunhofer USA Metal Foam Symposium, Stanton, DE, USA, 1997. Wrigley A.: American Metal Market, November 16, 1998.
Chapter 6

I. Gerard D.A., Suganuma T., Mikkola P.H. and Mortensen A.: Solidification Processed Metal Matrix Composi/es /or the Transportation Industries, Proceedings of the Merton C. Flemings Symposium on Solidification and Materials Processing, R. Abbaschian, H. Brody and A. Mortensen, eds., TMS, Warrendale PA, 2001, pp. 475- 488.

2. Hunt W.H.: "Metal Matrix Composites, Chapter 6.05" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000 a, voi. 6, pp. 57-66.

3. Hayashi T.: "Application of MMCs to Engine Cylinder Blocks and Brake Disks, Chapter 6.18" in Comprehensive Composite Materials, M.G. Bader, K. Kedwards and
Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000, voi. 6, pp. 375-379.

4. Everwin P., Kohler E., Ludescher F., MUnker B. and Peppinghaus D.: Open documentation, Kolbenschmidt AG, Neckarsulm, Germany, 1997.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ANO REFERENCES 415
5. "Quiet Revolution on the Track", The Economist Technology Quartely, December 8, 2001, pp. 7-8.

6. Froes, F.H.: Light Metal Age, 1999, voi. 57, p.92.

7. Kuylenstierna C., Storstein T.: SAE Technical Paper, 2000-01-2763, 2000.

8. Maruyama B.: Advanced Materials and Processes, June 1999, voi. 1550, pp. 47-50

9. Miracle D.: JOM, Aprii 2001, voi. 53, p. 12.

10. Rawal S.: JOM, Aprii 2001, voi. 53, pp. 14-17.

11. Zweben C.: JOM, June 1998, voi. 50, pp. 47-51.

12. Chung D.D.L. and Zweben C.: "Composites for Electronic Packaging and Thermal Management, Chapter 6.38" in Comprehensive Composite Materials M.G. Bader, K Kedwards and Y. Saweda, eds, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, voi. 6, pp. 701-725.