Okay on Monday you talked about what it takes to make a hero, versus Hughes’s Herometer. How did that go? Do you have a pretty good idea of what a hero is in general? Or did he talk specifically about a Greek hero? Just in general. So you know some things that are going to happen in the Heracles myth, even before we start, right? Okay, we’ll start with his name, which means what? Ankle? No, you’re thinking maybe of Oedipus on that one. The material I am lecturing to you is taken from pages 420-448 in your book. We’ll go through the material as it’s presented, basically, through the book if you want to take a look there. His name means something to do with Hera. Pain of Hera? Close. It is the glory of Hera, believe it or not. So the person or the divinity that gives him the most trouble in his life and causes him to do some very horrible things, turns out to be his patron, of sorts. What he does glorifies her, according to the name, anyhow. Now, when you have a hero, they don’t just spring from anywhere or nowhere. They generally have something in their background to indicate they’re going to do something glorious. So let’s take a look at Heracles’ heritage. Where does he ultimately come from? Who is in his background that’s illustrious? Yeah, Zeus himself is the father. If you look at the chart on Heracles’ heritage you’ll be able to see this a bit better. It gets a bit complex. Here’s a sign in sheet here. Has everybody gotten his or her self down on this? On page 421 you see that Zeus is Heracles’ father but also he’s on that chart elsewhere. Where else is Zeus on that chart? Do you have your books? Oh you don’t bring your books to class. Okay. On this chart you’ll see that Zeus is starting the line. That is he is the person along with a female who begins this whole family line. So not only is he Heracles’s father but he’s probably his great-grandfather. You can do that when you’re Zeus.
Also, between Zeus as the head of the family there is another big hero in here. You will do him later on in this course. His name is Perseus. Anybody hear of Perseus before? Have you seen Clash of the Titans? Well, one of the main things Perseus does is what? Yeah, he kills Medusa and he flies around on the winged horse Pegasus and does lots of neat things like that. Saves people. He helps his mother. So Perseus the Medusa killer is Heracles’s, if you see it on the chart here, grandfather. Perseus is Heracles’s grandfather. So there is plenty in this guy’s background to indicate that he’s going to have some special abilities, judging from his ancestors. Okay, let’s jump down to his father and mother. Who are they? Zeus is his actual father, but who is his foster father? The person who actually raises him as a father. His name is Amphitryon. The mother is Alcmena. Now there’s a story here, of course. It can’t be a simple birth. What do we have to have here to have a true hero? We have to have something that says why is this guy so extraordinary? He doesn’t have mortal parents or they both aren’t mortal, right? So in steps Zeus and is able to get Alcmena, who is a very virtuous lady, to sleep with him. How is he able to do that? He disguises himself as Amphitryon and spends the night with her. Just to make sure everything comes out as he wants it to, he makes the night three times its normal length. So he actually spends three nights with her. He delays the sun from rising.
How is he able to do that? Where is Amphitryon at this point? We need to back up a little bit. We’re going to go back to Amphitryon’s father whose name is Electryon. It sounds like a physics course here. I’m sorry this is not Amphitryon’s father. This is Alcmena’s father. Electryon is the king of a big, powerful city. That city is one of the cities that is associated with Heracles. It is Mycenae. Mycenae, if you compare it to a city in the U.S. today, would be something like New York. That’s how big, powerful, and prestigious it is. Heracles also has associations with another city, Thebes, which is a bit of distance away. If you could see this map here, Mycenae is in the very low part of Greece that looks like a hand. Thebes is across the Corinthian gulf, up here closer to Athens. Mycenae is closer to Sparta.
Now what’s going on here? I don’t want to get too complex here. There’s a war going on between Electryon who is the king of Mycenae and another group of Greeks who live to the west of Mycenae called the Teleboans. In this war, all of Electryon’s sons are killed but one. He also loses the cattle of the city. That would be like making off with the treasury. They stole the money of the city, today. Electryon charges Amphitryon who is his brother’s son to get the cattle back. He also marries Amphitryon off to his daughter Alcmena. Alcmena refuses to consummate the marriage until Amphitryon has gotten the cattle back. Amphitryon does get the cattle back. He ransoms them, that is he buys them back. But, when he brings them back, there’s a quarrel between the two, or there’s an accident between the two. Amphitryon kills Electryon. I’m going to speed this up for you, here. They have to leave Mycenae because he’s killed the king, even if it’s an accident. So he takes Alcmena and they got to Thebes, where he’s purified by the king there, Creon. Alcmena still will not sleep with him until she avenges the deaths of all her brothers that were killed in the war with the Teleboans. Off he goes to avenge the deaths of her brother.
That is when Zeus takes his chance. He slips in, sleeps with Alcmena. Then Amphitryon comes back the next morning and says, “I’m home. Let’s go to bed.” She says, “We were just in bed. What are you talking about?” And there’s a big hullabaloo. Amphitryon thinks that she’s been unfaithful to him and she can’t figure out what’s going on. Finally, it’s all straightened out and the two get together. The upshot is that there are two issue from the unions. There are two sons born to Alcmena. One is Amphitryon’s son. They do sleep together. The other one is Zeus’s son. So we have produced from this match, which actually involves three instead of two. We have Heracles himself, our hero and we have Heracles’s brother—no, that’s his squire—Iphicles. They don’t know which is the demigod or which is purely mortal. Now we have a complication, besides the fact that you have to know all these names. The complication is that Zeus has had an affair with another woman. That causes what? This is the pattern. Hera is going to resent this whole deal and she will try to cause grief to the mother. If she can’t do that, she will try for the child or she will try to do both. In this case, she never lets up on this guy, Heracles. She can’t do much to Alcmena, so she seems to take it all out on Heracles himself. Throughout his entire life, she is causing him grief.
What is the first thing she does to cause him grief? It happens before he is even born. By rights, he is the son of a king. He should be ruling back at Mycenae, which is where his foster father is originally from. She makes another be born first. It’s not Iphicles. It is Heracles’s cousin. He’s a real wimp. How big a wimp is this guy? Let me tell you how big a wimp this guy is. He’s the one that gives Heracles his labors later on. He gives Heracles a labor. Heracles accomplishes what it is. Bring back this particular beast. When Heracles does, Eurystheus is so frightened of this particular thing—this happens on a number of occasions—that he jumps into what would today be a 55 gallon drum, a storage jar, to try to hide from the thing that Heracles has brought back. This guys name is what? His name is Eurystheus. He is Heracles’s cousin. The way it all happens is that Zeus is boasting—this is after he’s had intercourse with Alcmena—he’s boasting that the next child born from his bloodline will be the next king of Mycenae. Hera makes him swear by the river Styx—which means they can’t break the oath—then causes this guy, who was also descended from Zeus, to be born first. So he, then, fulfills the vow. He will be the next king of Mycenae. That is like saying to you, who may be a computer whiz, that you have to work for a dummy or someone that knows half of what you know. You can’t do anything about it. This is Heracles first revenge for the affair.
The next revenge distinguishes between the demigod and the regular child. What does she cause to happen next? What does she cause to happen next? This is when they are under two years old. Twins, when they’re under two years old, she sends the big snakes. I’ll have a slide for you for sure on Friday. She sends the snakes. Iphicles, when he sees the snakes, reacts like a normal child would react. How would a normal child react? They’re in the cradle. They can’t run. They would crawl, cringe, or cry would be it. Meanwhile, our hero does what? Grabs the snakes with his hands and strangles both of the snakes. Now we know which one is Zeus’s son and which one is Amphitryon’s son. Also, right through Heracles’s youth you’ll see connections and ties that distinguish him. Shows us who he is and what he’s about. So he does his first beast killing here. Throughout his career he will do this. He’s a beast master—you could call him that. He’s got associations with animals throughout and oftentimes he’s killing animals that are threats to us humans. So he starts that early on.
How does Prof. Hughes do the names with you? The names. Are you responsible for all these? He writes them down. He draws pictures. Yes I teach in this room after he teaches and I’ve seen some of his artwork. Okay, here are names you should know. Amphitryon and Alcmena, especially Alcmena, I wouldn’t worry too much about Electyron. Heracles, of course. Iphicles is his half-brother. Eurystheus, you would need to know, because he’s the person that gets Heracles his labors from. You also need to know how Hera and Zeus fit in, of course. You should know about the snake incident. It not only distinguishes which is which, but it shows you something elemental about Heracles’s character. That is his associations with animals, beasts. We’ll talk more about that.
Okay Heracles grows up. He’s say a teenager at this point maybe a little older. His father puts him through the regular course of education. That is, he has tutors tutoring him in different things. Not only the academics, but in things like chariot driving and shooting bow and arrow. Just so his education is complete, he has a music teacher come in. The music teacher’s name is Linus. He’s very good. He’s related to a guy named Orpheus who is a premiere musician for the Greeks. He’s so good that he could charm Hades to allow him to bring his dead wife back up from the underworld. Linus comes in and he’s going to teach Heracles how to play the instrument for the aristocrats, the lyre. It is a harp-type thing. So they’re practicing one day. Heracles who, did I mention. he’s eight foot tall? Who is between eight and ten feet tall. He just can’t seem to get the fingering right. Linus chastises him, as teachers would do back then. He hits him and Heracles retaliates and shows, again—let me erase some of this stuff here—he does something, which indicates his, basic character. So we have the snake incident. The next thing is the Linus incident. The snake incident shows his association with the beast, the animal. The Linus situation shows what? What happens with Linus? Have you ever seen a Shakespeare production of Taming of the Shrew? At one point, someone who is trying to woo her is giving the shrew, Kate, a music lesson. She doesn’t like it, and, the next scene, the guy comes out and he’s wearing a guitar, basically. Heracles does what to Linus? To retaliate for Linus hitting him, he kills the guy. Yeah. Kills. Don’t get any ideas, here. It shows his homicidal tendencies. Isn’t that guy barbaric? Did I spell homicidal right? Do you have any homicidal tendencies? Have you ever thought to yourself, “Oh, I’d like to kill that—whatever?” Never? Okay. Present company excepted, most of those poor shmucks out there do have homicidal tendencies. They’re our natural heritage. You come packaged with them, unfortunately. At least, most people. So, early on, he shows that.
This starts this pattern or it occasions a pattern that happens throughout Heracles’s life. Now, at this point, Heracles can react in a couple different ways. He’s a big guy. He doesn’t have to be afraid of the retaliation, too much. Normally, Linus’s family might come and try to pay back the punishment. So he could just say, “I killed him. So what? Do something to me. I dare you.” Instead he takes a different attitude. His attitude throughout is, “I’ve done something wrong. I want to make up for it. I want to atone for it.” So he’ll do something that’s horrible. Then, the next thing you’ll see is, he admits it. There’s going to be some form of atonement. In this case, he’s sent off to a mountain near Thebes called Mount Cithaeron. There he becomes a shepherd. While he’s doing his shepherding duty and being in exile for what he’s done to Linus he kills another lion. This is not the lion that is part of his labors that we’ll come to. This lion has been terrorizing flocks and shepherds. So, by doing that, he benefits not only himself because he’s a shepherd but anybody that’s in the area. This is typical of the way he works here. It’s something that’s very human. He shows regret for it. Then accomplishes some kind of deed that is beneficial, not only for himself, but for humankind. It’s a pattern.
While he’s a shepherd out there, he does something else that gives you insight into his character. This involves a king. The king has 50 daughters. The king’s name is Thespius. Here’s one you want to know. Thespius has 50 daughters. He knows about Heracles. He knows who Heracles’s father is. His thinking is, “Gee, wouldn’t it be nice to get my bloodline mixed up with his bloodline? Some remarkable things are going to happen, right? Did everybody understand the thinking behind this? Let me marry into the Kennedy family or let me marry into the Trump family—or let me marry my daughter or son into it—and some remarkable things may happen. So what Thespius does is has Heracles stay at the palace, gets him drunk, then has his daughters all come in the same night or 50 successive nights, one after the other. In the second version Heracles doesn’t know it’s a different daughter every night. He thinks it’s the same one. Perpetually drunk. In this particular incidence, he shows another kind of prowess. In this incidence, he shows prowess against beasts. In this incidence, he shows his sexual prowess ability, excellence. Now, again, present company excepted, the rest of those poor shmucks have to deal with this. This is part of the package when you’re born a human. What am I talking about here? What do you have to deal? Well, present company excepted, what do all the rest of those people have to deal with? Oh, you can’t sleep. What about if you want to sleep with 50 women or 50 men. It’s not gender specific here. You have these kind of desires, carnal desires. Do you know what I’m talking about here? Females, too. It doesn’t necessarily have to take a physical form all the time. Although this is at its most obvious, but it’s there. Those kind of urges, drives, and passions that you have to deal with as a human being. Okay so we got him the beast master. We got him homicidal. We got him a sexual—what?— freak, almost. He’s just so off the charts, it’s unbelievable.
Also, while he’s shepherding, he benefits the city of Thebes. They’re under attack by another city. They have been under attack. They have to pay tribute to that city. They lost the war. He’s able to fight the enemy of Thebes, get Thebes off the hook. In gratitude, the king of Thebes, Creon, marries Heracles off to his daughter. Heracles will have three wives in the course of his life and death. He’s married after he dies. You’ll see how that’s possible. So his first wife is daughter of the king of Thebes. Her name is—I need some more room—Megara. He’s a great husband. He has two or three kids. He stays home. He takes care of the kids. He’s interested in his family. He’s a good husband. In fact he’s a very good husband. Then one day, don’t forget about Hera. Hera says, “This isn’t going to continue.” She zaps him with madness. In his madness, he does what? There are two different stories. The children get it in either story. Sometimes the wife gets it, too. This husband who was apparently perfect goes off the deep end and kills his family. Back to the pattern, he’s homicidal. Does something very horrible. The only thing worse that you can do is kill your parents, in Greek times.
So how is he ever going to atone for this? What’s he do? Yeah he’s eventually going to end up with Eurystheus. He doesn’t know what to do. In fact, for a short while he considers suicide. But he’s talked out of the by Theseus, king of Athens. He consults the oracle. And the oracle—where’s the oracle at? Yeah that’s the oracle. There are several oracles, but that’s the mail oracle. The oracle tells him that, in order to get off the hook, here you must go to your cousin who is king of Mycenae and fulfill twelve labors for him, or fulfill labors for him. You have to understand that Eurystheus does not like Heracles. Heracles is a threat to him. So you can imagine kind of labors Eurystheus is going to try to give him. What’s he going to try to do? Yeah, he’s going to try to give him labors that are impossible, that are deadly. So we go from the death of Megara over to Eurystheus and the twelve labors.
Twelve is almost an arbitrary figure or I should say it’s a magical figure. It’s a number that the Greeks, and other ancient cultures, like to use. It has got roundness to it. We use it today, right there. We have twelve hours to the day, for example, or twelve hours on the clock, anyhow. Sorry. So it appears again and again. In reality, Heracles has already accomplished a few labors. You could call them labors. Anything where he had got to do something that is above and beyond the usual, he’s already done that. Especially when they have results like this where they benefit humankind in general. So you end up with many, many labors being done, but twelve make it to the big time. This is called the canon or the canonical labors. It isn’t like Heracles said, “Okay, this is going to be one of the canon and this one isn’t.” It’s people who came after, the writers, or who looked at what Heracles has done. The sculptors who came up with twelve that make it into the canon. You’ll see him doing other things along the way, too. Okay, that takes us to the labors, on page 424, if you do have your book. Does anybody have his or her book? He doesn’t use the book at all? Not in class.
Okay, let’s start afresh. Are there any questions so far on ancestral, birth, etc,? Why, again, was he named Heracles? It’s not quite clear why he takes that name. Maybe you will have a theory about it, yourself, after you get the whole package. I can offer you something. His birth name is—you don’t have to know this—Alcides. His name is changed to Heracles. I think it’s when he goes to Delphi after he kills Megara. It’s somewhere early on. He loses his real name and gets this other name. Maybe because he has to prove himself to Hera. That’s what his whole life is about. Trying to make himself worthy of being the son of Zeus. Hera’s trying to prevent that. So eventually when he does that, he becomes her glory in some backwards way. Okay any other questions? Okay, then we want to talk about the labors. They are the Twelve Labors. These Prof. Hughes does want you to know. I talked to him about this by name, okay?
The first one is the Nemean Lion. I’ll have a couple of slides of this on Friday for you. I don’t think there’s a picture in the book. Some labors are more remarkable than others for what they add to Heracles or the myth. Some are not quite so distinguished. This one is remarkable. Well, they’re all difficult. They are all impossible, in fact. This is not just a big old ferocious lion. This is a big, old ferocious lion that cannot be wounded. His hide is invulnerable to arrows and spears. At this point, by the way, Heracles has acquired his famous bow and arrow, which is distinguished by hitting whatever it’s shot at, always, right? It’s like one of those missiles that lock on to their target. So he’s got this, but it’s not going to do him any good here, because the hide of the lion is invulnerable. So how does he kill the lion? There’s always this twist, by the way, with the labors. They are not only hard, they’re impossible, because of something unusual. Yeah, they come hand to hand or hand to claw. Yeah, he does do that but it’s after he’s killed it. He either uses his hands or his club. There are different versions. So this is hand to hand combat. Can you imagine wrestling a lion? You don’t even think about these things. What would you do if a large snake came into this room right now? I know where I’d be. Right? So he’s able to face up to these things. He kills the lion and then he wants to take the hide. How do you skin an invulnerable lion? You can’t use a knife. He takes the lion’s own claws and uses the claws to skin the lion. He then takes the hide and uses it as armor. He wears it. Almost invariably, you will see him wearing this lion skin. On this particular page, it looks funny because he’s got the lion’s head on his own head. His face sticks out of the jaws. You’ll see this on Friday. Then he looks like Tarzan. He’s got the front legs of the lion, the skin tight around his neck. The rest of it dangles down. There’s the tail, too, sometimes. What does this tell you? This is telling you that our hero is half beast. He’s beastly himself. In fact, that’s what he’s doing most of the time, is trying to kill the beast outside, but also the beast inside. So the Nemean Lion gives him the skin as armor. It makes him even more formidable.
Okay, the second labor the Lernaean Hydra. What is a hydra? Yeah, you could call it a snake with different heads, but, usually, it’s called—you have to do this if you’re a hero. You have to kill a dragon. Zeus, the premiere hero, kills a dragon. Remember Typhoeus? This is back from the theogony. Any self-respecting hero or heroine has got to kill a dragon at some point along the way. Now this is not only a hydra, but if you cut off one of its heads, two will grow back. You can’t even cut off one of the heads, because it’s immortal. So it’s not just a regular dragon. It’s a super dragon. It presents difficulties that are just inconceivable. Also it has got a sidekick. It has got a crab that hangs around. If you try to fight the dragon, the crabs down there doing your legs while you’re trying to do that. So it’s a double threat. This thing is off the scale, also. He kills the hydra. Do you know how he does that? How does he deal with two heads coming from one? Yeah, he cauterizes. When he cuts off the head, he has his squire, Iolaüs, who is his nephew, Iphicles’s son is his squire—don’t worry about that—cauterizes the head as he cuts them off. Then the immortal one, what does he do with that? He buries it under a rock. That’s the best you can do with an immortal head. He takes the hydra out of action. Then he takes something from the hydra, which causes his own death. What does he take from the hydra? Yes, what does he use the blood for? Yes, the hydra’s blood is poisoned. You’ve seen Alien. The little crab thing that jumps on your face. If you try to cut it off, it’s got acid. Even the big ones have acid. So he takes the blood and dips the tips of his arrows in it. So he doesn’t have to hit you mortally. He just has to scratch you and you’re dead.
Okay these are all imposed upon him by Eurystheus, his cousin, who is king of Mycenae who would very much like to see him out of the picture. So Eurystheus says damn, he killed the hydra. What am I going to give him next? I gotta get rid of this guy. So the next one is a different kind of labor, actually. It’s the Ceryneian Hind. What is a hind besides your rear end? Dog? No. Hind. Hunters. Does anybody go out for deer season? It’s a deer or a stag. I’m not sure the gender, but it is definitely of the deer family. You’ll see slides of it. The slides will back me up on this. It’s got golden horns and it’s sacred to Artemis. So the threat, here, is not—although I think I read once that if you got it by the horns it would kill you. That is if the horns scratched you. It’s not so much a threat like these two are. He’s not supposed to kill it. The impossibility here is that you have to catch it and bring it back. Don’t kill it. Also you are going to have to deal with Artemis at some point along the line because it’s sacred to her. So it’s a different kind of challenge here although it still involves what? Just like this one and this one we’re talking about what? Yes, animals or beasts. It is Heracles who has got to subdue the beast. Do you have any beast in you? Okay. He tracks this one for a year. I forget how he gets it. Is it this one? There is one where he chases it into deep snow and is able to catch it. Maybe that is the bull. On or the other. He then brings it back. As he’s bringing it back, Artemis steps in and says, “Hey, where do you think you’re going with that?” He explains it to her. “It’s really Eurystheus’s fault.” She lets him take it back, show it to Eurystheus and then has him let it go.
Okay, the fourth labor. How many animals can you think of? Eurymanthian Boar. Do you know what a boar is? Actually, boars are dangerous animals. They are a big pig with tusks. Wild pig, maybe you’d call it. Have you seen The Lion King? Timon or Pumba, one of those two is a boar. Pumba is it? Okay. So we’re back in this kind of league. It’s dangerous. It’s a dangerous animal. It can kill you easily. This is the one he chases into deep snow and traps it with nets. He’s not supposed to kill it. He’s supposed to bring it back with nets. This is Eurystheus reaction, although this is not the Eurymanthian boar. He jumps into his storage jar and says, “Let me out of here.” So if you ever do get a job where you have to work for a supervisor that’s got half your brain power or half your ability. You will be able to identify with Heracles on that particular score.
The next labor is very much different, although you’re still going to see the beast in it. It is the Augean Stables. Now what are we doing? The Augean stables, what are we talking about here? He has to clean them. Yes, what’s the big deal? They haven’t been cleaned ever, I don’t think, or ten years. It is something fantastic. There are lots of horses. They belong to a king. Not only has he got to do it, but also there’s a time limit. He’s got to do it in one day. So he’s really up against it here. Is this very heroic here? Is this showing another side of Heracles that we had a taste of maybe with Thespius, the daughters of Thespius? Although he does truly heroic things sometimes, he is sometimes ludicrous, laughable, all too human. Am I over time? I think this clock is a little fast. Just give me one or two more minutes and we’ll be out of here. So how does he do it? How are you going to clean these stables? Yeah, it’s two rivers in fact; he lets the rivers flow through the stables. It takes away all the dung and he’s done. Then he goes to Augeas and says, “I want my money,” because he agreed to do it for a sum. Meanwhile Augeas has found out that this is one of his labors and refuses to pay him. This is another pattern that you’ll see. People have an easy time of taking advantage of Heracles because he’s basically a good guy. He’s not a wild man although sometimes he does things. I’m reminded of steroids. Have you ever heard of ‘roid rage? Is that right? If you take steroids a lot and you bulk up that you could have mood swings that would occasion you to do things like Heracles does every now and then, like with his wife. It is like your physical overtakes you, overcomes you. Why don’t we end up on the Augean stables? We’re almost halfway through. By the way, all these six labors—when I give you the sixth—occur in Greece in the region. That makes them just a little bit easier than the next six—or the next three—which occur outside. The last three, you can’t get there from here.
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