History styles of music

There are examples of different styles of music that demonstrate the
elements from each Area of Study on this website to accompany this book.
It is really helpful to listen to the examples as you are revising – it will
give you a flavour of each style and will help you identify instrumentation, musical eras, composers and the use of the key musical elements.
INSTRUMENTATION
Below are some examples of instrumental combinations to listen out for. It is quite common for the exam paper to ask you the type of ensemble you are listening to.
Instrumental families:
Strings – violins, violas, cellos, double basses, harp
Woodwind – piccolo, flute, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon Brass – trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba
Percussion – pitched: celeste, tubular bells, marimba, xylophone, kettle drums/timpani. Unpitched: triangle, gong, tam-tam, rattle, shakers, maracas, wood block, claves, cymbals
Orchestras through the ages:
Baroque orchestra – small in size, mainly strings, flute oboe and perhaps some trumpets and French horns. Usually features a harpsichord – listen out for the harpsichord as this will be the giveaway! Also listen out for lots of decoration
Classical orchestra – bigger in size than a Baroque orchestra, features the clarinet. Classical music is all about balance, so phrases of equal number of bars – lots of ‘question’ and ‘answer’ phrases with each section ending in perfect cadences
Romantic orchestra – very big, with equally big sound. Also known as the symphony orchestra. Much more use of brass and percussion. Lots of chromatic notes (meaning that notes which don’t belong to the key the music is written in are used). Romantic music sounds mushy and lovey!
20 th/ 21 st century orchestra – as big as a romantic orchestra, but with much more dissonance and clashing sounds. People find most styles from this period as angular and spiky – not necessarily pleasant to listen to.

String orchestra – a large ensemble with only strings playing
Woodwind orchestra – a large ensemble with only woodwind playing Brass orchestra – a large ensemble with only brass playing
Percussion orchestra n- a large ensemble with only percussion playing
Wind band – mixture of woodwind and brass instruments. (The term band would suggest music of varying genres, such as jazz).
Chamber orchestra – small orchestra. Listen out for a small combination of instruments from all families, but usually without percussion.
Chamber ensembles (this means smaller groups of musicians) String Quartet – violin 1, violin 2, viola, cello
String Quintet – violin 1, violin 2, viola, cello, double bass Duet – 2 instruments playing together
Trio – 3 instruments playing together
Musical Eras
Baroque Era – 1600-1750. Composers = J.S. Bach, Vivaldi, Purcell and Handel
Classical Era – 1750-1820. Composers = Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn and Schubert.
Romantic Era – 1820-1899. Composers = Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Schumann and Strauss.
20 th Century – 1900-1999. 21 st Century – 2000-present day. These two eras are divided in to particular genres:
Blues – Johnson, BB King, Cream
Pop music of the 1960 s – Beatles, Rolling Stones, Cliff Richard
Rock Music, R ‘ n’ B, Hip- Hop – Led Zeppelin, Kanye West, Rihanna Music Theatre – Schwartz, Webber, Bart, Rodgers and Hammerstein Film Music – Williams, Marianelli, Zimmer

KEY MUSICAL ELEMENTS KNOW THESE – NO EXCUSES!
Pitch – high or low sounds
Tempo – fast or slow sounds. Try to know these basic tempo settings: Lento – very slow
Adagio – slow
Andante – at a walking pace Moderato – moderate speed Allegro – fast/lively
Presto – very fast
Texture – the number of parts/layers that make up the music. Texture can be sparse or r ich/ full. Texture can also be described as:
Monophonic – one sound. This could be one singer or instrumentalist singing or playing one line of music, or a group of singers or instrumentalists singing or playing the same notes.
Homophonic – melody and accompaniment. Think ‘God Save the Queen’. Basically you will hear quite a thick chordal accompaniment to a main melody and all the music moves at the same time.
Polyphonic – many sounds interwoven together – busy lines of music all weaving in and out of each other.
Heterophonic – one main tune with other parts playing decorated versions of it at the same time. Sometimes applied to minimalism.
Timbre – quality of sound. Think of it as the many different ways instruments can make sounds, such as bowing a stringed instrument (arco), or plucking it (pizzicato), using a mute on brass instruments, pedals on the piano etc. Anything that changes the main quality of sound is changing the timbre.

Dynamics – loud or soft sounds. Try to know the Italian markings:
fff – very, very loud
ff – very loud
f – loud
mf – moderately loud mp – moderately quiet p – quiet
pp – very quiet
ppp – very, very quiet
Articulation – detail added to musical notes, such as staccato (short and detached), legato (smooth), accents, etc.
Structure – how a piece of music is built. E.G. Ternary for (ABA), Rondo Form (ABACA), Theme and Variations, Ground Bass, Sonata Form etc.
Key – major, minor, modal, atonal. Major = happy/cheerful/bright. Minor = sad/melancholic/mischievous. Modal = very ‘churchy’ in sound or sometimes when you can’t identify a piece being in major or minor (!). Atonal = no key (i.e. it sounds very clashy, dissonant and often not pleasant to listen to).
N. B. Please do not be fooled into thinking a fast piece of music isn’t in a minor key. Really listen carefully – if the music sounds a bit darker, it’s more likely to be in a minor key.
Metre – the number of beats in a bar.
If you know your key musical elements, you will understand the question.
Therefore, you will know what to listen out for in the extract and will get the question right. Rocket Science it is not.

Key Words for each Area of Study ( Ao S) Ao S 1 – Rhythm and Metre
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Pulse The beat of the music – what
you tap your feet to,
Simple time Time signatures where the
beat is divided into two
Compound time Time signatures based on a dotted crotchet beat, divided into three quavers. E.G. 6/8
time.
Regular Music which keeps to a single
time signature
Irregular Music where the time signature changes (usually a lot), or where the accents
frequently shift.
Free Where the rhythm of the music is not set by regular bar lines but determined by the performer in response to the
flow of the music.
Augmentation 1. (Usually) doubling the duration of each notes of a rhythm or melody. 2. Extending the range of
intervals upon repetition
Diminution 1. (Usually) halving the duration of notes in a melody or rhythm. 2. Reduction of the size of intervals upon
repetition.
Hemiola A temporary change of metre from strong-weak- weak/strong-weak-weak (as in two bars of 3/4 time) to strong-weak/strong- weak/strong-weak (as in three
bars of 2/4 time).
Cross-rhythm When one part has a rhythm that goes against the reular beat pattern (e.g. three triplet quavers against duplet
quavers).
Dotted rhythms A rhythmic pattern which alternates dotted notes (notes whose value has been
extended) with short notes.
Triplets Three notes played in the
space of two.
Syncopation When the accents are moved
away from the main beat(s)

Tempo The speed of the music.
Rubato From the Italian for ‘robbed’: where the player uses a certain amount of freedom with the tempo to add
expression to the music. Apparently never asked in an exam – worth just trying to remember though.
Drum Fills or Fill A short passage played at the end of a musical phrase, improvising upon the prevailing rhythm. A fill can be played by any rock or pop instruments but usually refers
to the drummer.
Ao S 2 – Harmony and Tonality Harmony
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Diatonic Music written using the major and minor keys; a major or minor scale, or the notes from
such a scale.
Chromatic Where notes in the scale of the prevailing key are altered. An example would be G sharp
in the scale of C major. Not used much in the exam.
Consonant Sounds which fit well together (though the range of these chords or combinations of
sound is not fixed)
Dissonant Sounds which clash when
played together.
Pedal A sustained or repeated note, usually by not necessarily in the bass, sounding against
changing harmonies. This is a musical device.
Drone A continuous, sustained
sound. This is a musical device.
Perfect Cadence Chords V and I at the end of a
phrase. FIRST choice in the exam
Plagal Cadence Chords IV and I at the end of a
phrase. THIRD choice
Imperfect Cadence An approach chord followed by
chord V at the end of a phrase. SECOND choice
Interrupted Cadence Chord V followed by an
unexpected chord (such as VI) at the end of a phrase. FOURTH choice
Tierce de Picardie Where the final chord of music in a minor key has a major third instead of the expected
minor. Not common.

You will also be expected to be able to identify major and minor chords and dominant seventh chords using Roman numerals/chord symbols. This information can be found in the ‘Theory’ section.
Tonality
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Tonal Music arranged wherein all the tones and semitones used
relate to a tonic. This term is used in minimalist music.
Major Music based on a major scale, where the tones (T) and semitones (s) come in this
order: TTSTTTS Will always come up on an exam.
Minor Music based on a minor scale, where the tones and semitones in a melodic minor scale are, going up the scale, TSTTTTS and coming down the
scale, TTSTTST. Will always come up on an exam.
Modal Modal music is based on one of the scales of seven pitch classes commonly found in western music, but excluding
the major and minor scales.
Modulation:
- to the dominant
- to the subdominant
- to the relative major/minor
Where the music changes to the key of the 5th note of the scale. E.G. in the key of C major, a modulation to the dominant would go to G major.
Where the music changes to the key of the 4th note of the scale. E.G. in the key of C major, a modulation to the subdominant would go to F major.
Where the music changes to the relative major or minor key that shares the same key signature. E.G. C major would modulate to the relative minor of A minor, or G minor would modulate to the relative major
of E major.
Atonal Music that is unrelated to a tonic note and therefore has
no sense of key.
You will also be expected to be able to identify keys of up to 4 sharps and 4 flats. This information can be found in the ‘Theory’ section.

Ao S 3 – Texture and Melody Texture
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Harmonic/Homophonic A type of musical texture where different parts sing and/or play different notes but move together in the same
rhythm.
Polyphonic/Contrapuntal A type of musical texture where different parts sing and/or play different notes
using different rhythms.
Imitative Where entries copy (exactly or at least recognisably) the musical phrase which has just
been heard. This is a musical device.
Canonic A composition device in which a melody in one part is repeated note for note in another part while the melody in the first part continues to
unfold.
Layered Music built up of several strands, a term often applied to minimalist music, or the method of producing music in
a recording studio. Minimalism
Unison Playing or singing the same tune together, without
harmony, at the same pitch.
Octaves Playing or singing the same
tune together at different octaves.
Single melody line Where there is only one line of
music being played.
Melody with accompaniment Where there is one main tune playing above an accompaniment (usually
chordal accompaniment).
Antiphonal (literally sounding across) used to describe the effect produced by the use of different groups of performers
separated spatially. Used in Baroque music.

Melody
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Conjunct Melodic movement by step
Disjunct Refers to melodic movement
by leap
Triadic A type of melodic movement through the notes of a triad.
Broken chords Spreading the notes of a chord.
Scalic An adjective referring to a melodic contour in which adjacent notes move by step in a similar manner to notes in
a scale. This technique appears in a lot of Haydn and Mozart symphonies.
Arpeggio Playing the notes of a cord by spreading them out (usually from the bottom), a feature commonly used by piano, harp
and guitar.
Passing notes A melodic notes placed between two harmony notes which results in stepwise
movement. Rare to see on an exam.
Acciaccaturas A very short ornamental note played before a principal
melodic note. Rare to see on an exam.
Appoggiaturas (1) a note of decoration which is written in smaller type but given its full notated value, this value being taken from the following note; (2) an accented but not harmonised note which resolves by step up
or down. Rare to see on an exam.
Blue notes A note that has been altered/flattened in blues music; most frequently it is the 3rd, 5th or 7th notes of the scale
which are flattened.
Diatonic Music written using the major or minor keys; a major or minor scale, or the notes from
such a scale.
Chromatic Where notes in the scale of the prevailing key are altered. An example would be G sharp
in the scale of C major.
Pentatonic Pentatonic music is based on a scale of five different
pitches, such as CDFGA. Used a lot in African music.
Whole tone A scale which rises in whole
tones. Used in Impressionist music.
Modal Modal music is based on one

of the scales of seven pitch classes commonly found in western music, but excluding
the major and minor scales.
Augmentation 1. (Usually) doubling the duration of each notes of a rhythm or melody. 2. Extending the range of
intervals upon repetition
Diminution 1. (Usually) halving the duration of notes in a melody or rhythm. 2. Reduction of the size of intervals upon
repetition.
Sequence The immediate repetition of a motif or phrase of a melody in the same part but at a
different pitch. Will definitely appear in an exam.
Inversion Turning a melody ‘upside
down’ but keeping its intervals.
Slide/glissando/portamento To slide between notes.
Ornamentation Decorating the written pitch Trill = 1, Turn = 2.
Ostinato A rhythmic, harmonic or
melodic pattern played many times in succession. Will definitely appear in an exam.
Riff A short, catchy melodic figure, repeated like an ostinato and commonly found in rock,
pop and jazz.
Phrasing Dividing a melody into phrases or short units, e.g. question
and answer.
Articulation The addition of specific instruction for performance, such as accents, staccato and
tenuto. e.g. legato and staccato.
Pitch bend Changing the pitch of a note by moving the string across
the fret.
Improvisation To make up or extemporise; in practice, improvisation is generally done ‘on’ a particular musical feature such as a melody, chord
sequence or scale. Used in pop and world music.
You will also be expected to be able to identify intervals within the octave. This information can be found in the ‘Theory’ section.

Ao S 4 – Timbre and Dynamics Timbre
For timbre we will study the following:
• instruments and voices singly and in combination as found in music for solo instruments, concertos, chamber groups, pop and vocal music
• generic families of instruments as found in world music
• timbre, including the use of technology, synthesised sounds, sampling, and use of techniques such as reverb., distortion and chorus
• instrumental techniques including con arco/with a bow, pizzicato/plucked, con sordino/muted, double stopping, tremolo/tremolando
• vocal techniques such as falsetto and vibrato.
Dynamics
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Cresc. /crescendo Gradually getting louder
Dim. /diminuendo Gradually getting quieter
Sfz / sforzando An accent,; a note to be
emphasised.
‘hairpins’ Term used to refer to the signs which can replace crescendo
and diminuendo.
Dolce To play the music ‘sweetly’.
Espressivo To play the music
‘expressively’.
Staccato To play notes in a short and
detached manner.
Legato To play notes smoothly.
Please also refer to the dynamic words in the key element section as these need to be learned as well.

Ao S 5 – Structure and Form
Key Word Meaning Links to styles/ general
notes
Binary form When a piece of music is
divided into two sections, labelled AB
Ternary form When a piece of music is divided into three sections labelled ABA. Often the repeated A section is varied in some way, which is then
labelled ABA1
Call and response A type of music in which a soloist sings or plays a phrase to which a larger group responds with an answering
phrase.
Sonata form Consisting of three main sections: exposition, where the main themes or subjects are first hear; development, where ideas from the exposition are developed, passing through different keys; recapitulation, where the main themes return. Optional additional sections are the coda or
codetta: rounding-off sections.
Minuet and trio A dance style written in 3/4 time. The two sections are both in binary form, with the trio forming a contrast in style and/or orchestration with the minuet. Normally the minuet is played repeating each section, then the trip is played in the same way, and finally the minuet is played again without
repeats.
Scherzo and trio Similar form to the minuet and trio, but faster, so that, although still in 3/4 time, there is just one beat per bar; the term scherzo is Italian for
‘joke’.
Strophic A strophic song is one where the same music is used for
every verse of the text.
Through-composed A song form in which the music changes continually to reflect the meaning of the
words.
Da capo aria An aria (solo song) in ternary
form; it was normal practice

for the singer to decorate the
first section during its repetition.
Cyclic A composition where the theme recurs, possibly in different styles, throughout the
work.
Ground bass A melody in the bass that is repeated several times and which forms the basis for a continuous set of melodic
and/or harmonic variations.
Continuo This refers to the type of bass part written in the baroque period, consisting of a bass line with, sometimes, the addition of figures indicating the harmonies to be played – a figured bass. Normally played/realised by a keyboard instrument such as the harpsichord (whose player adds the harmonies) and a
bass instrument.
Cadenza A solo vocal or instrumental passage improvising on music previously heard in the movement. Nowadays, most cadenzas are worked out in advance, with many written by
the original composer.

Key Structures and Forms featured across the Three Strands
Within each strand, you will have explored music from the following areas to gain an understanding of how composers have used the Elements of Music as listed in the five AoS. Questions on the exam paper will focus on listening skills related to the AoS and not on the specific genres of the strands.
However, you can explore each of the genres featured under the strands the ‘Strands of Learning’ section of this site. You should review the power points to deepen your knowledge and understanding and use the audio accompaniments to listen out for the elements of music in each of the five AoS as a revision tool.
Strand 1 – The Western Classical Tradition Topics studied:
• Baroque orchestral music
• The concerto
• Music for voices
• Chamber music
• The sonata
Strand 2 – Popular Music of the 20 th and 21 st Centuries Topics studied:
• Blues
• Popular music of the 1960s
• Rock music, RnB, Hip-hop
• Music Theatre
• Film music
Strand 3 – World Music Topics studied:
• Music of the Caribbean
• Music of Africa
• Music of India

The Listening Examination
The total number of marks on this paper is 80 and this will be worth 20% of your final GCSE mark. Each question will include boxes to enable you to tick off the different playing so you know how many you have heard and how many more are to come. The number of marks for each subsection will be given, as will the total for the question.
You will have three minutes before the excerpts are played to read through the questions. There will be pauses of about 15-20 seconds between each playing and longer pauses before each new question begins.
There will be a range of questions, some of which will include two or three different excerpts. The number of individual questions for each excerpt is likely to range from two to five. The types of questions will include:
 Questions with no musical notation
 Questions with a selection of pitch outlines from which the correct one is to be identified
 Questions with a range of rhythms from which the correct one is to be identified
 Questions with a score where the missing notes of a melody have to be added; in the majority of cases, the rhythm of the missing melody will be given
 Questions which include some sort of grid outlining bar numbers
 Open-ended questions
 Questions where two versions of the same music are to be compared
However, remember that, while the questions based on an excerpt will probable refer to two or more different Elements of Music, each individual sub-question – (a), (b), (c), etc. – will focus on a single Element.

Listening Examination Technique
There are a range of ‘Do’s and Don’ts’ when tackling a listening examination:
 Do look carefully at the mark allocation for each part of a question. This will tell you just how much detail is needed: for example, if there are two marks, then you will need to give two separate piece of information to gain both marks, A good example of this is when you are asked to name a melodic interval: where this attracts two marks, your answer will need to be, for example, not just a 3rd but a major or minor 3rd.
However, if a question about a cadence is worth 2 marks, it is like to have asked you to ‘Name or describe’ the cadence. In this case, the name of the cadence (e.g. ‘perfect’, ‘plagal’) will be awarded 2 marks, as will ‘V-I’ or dominant-tonic.
 Do look carefully at the options given in a multiple-choice question: work out just what it is that you will have to listen for in order to be able to determine the correct answer.
 Do read the question carefully and answer exactly what you are asked. For example, a question might ask you to comment on t imbre and texture as used in a particular excerpt: make sure you focus on these two elements alone as any comments on the other elements will be ignored as irrelevant.
 Do learn to use your ‘inner ear’: if you are asked to choose between different rhythms or different melodic outlines, try to work out what they sound like in your head and spot where the differences occur.
 Do remember that each Element of Music has its own vocabulary and make sure you understand any musical terms that appear in this revision guide, including Italian terms for dynamics and tempo.
 Do remember that each question will focus on a particular element and you will be able to tell exactly which it is from the wording of the question.
 Do remember that each question is linked to what you can actually hear in the excerpt.
 Don’ t waste the three minutes reading time at the start. Look through the paper carefully and, especially, be ready for the first question: getting off to a good start will give you confidence.
 Don’ t dwell on a question you feel unsure about: put it behind you and resolve to do well on the next one.
 Don’ t give a choice of answers if you are asked for a single fact and only one mark is allocated: the examiner cannot accept this and will mark your answer as incorrect. It is not for the examiner to select the correct answer: you must do this yourself by giving only a single response.
 Don’ t leave an answer blank: try to have a well-informed guess within the element which forms the focus of the question. If necessary, write a note for yourself and refer back in the time after the final playing of the last excerpt.

Learn to listen closely and critically; here are some suggestions:
 Try to identify instruments, keys (atonal, major, minor or modal), time signature and/or form.
 Ask yourself if the combination of instruments you hear is one you can identify (string quartet, brass band, orchestra, rock group, jazz band etc.).
 What is the texture of the piece you hear?
 Is there a particular rhythmic feature? – an ostinato? a riff? syncopation?
 Does the melody move mainly by step? by leap? through a chord? a mixture of these?
 How would you describe the accompaniment to the main melody? For example, is there an Alberti-bass pattern?
Think in terms of the Elements of Music and use them as a basis for appraising what you hear, though not always trying to cover every element. Try to base your listening around an easily remembered mnemonic such as DR SMITH.
D Dynamics
R Rhythm (and Metre)
S Structure (and Form)
M Melody
I Instruments (and Timbre)
T Texture
H Harmony (and Tonality)
Whenever you listen to a piece of music, focus on one or more of its musical features and listen as closely and accurately as you can. Discuss you findings with others, whether in a small group or as part of the class.

Other ways to prepare for the examination
Using the ‘ inner ear’
Everyone can ‘sing’ a tune inside his or her head: this is called the ‘inner ear’. You need to train your inner ear so you can ‘hear’ what a pattern of notes sounds like and so you can also ‘hear’ the notes you write down in a dictation question.
You can do this in different ways:
 Look at a short tune and try to imagine what it sounds like: think of the rhythm and the way the tune moves – up or down by step or leap. When you have had a try, play the tune over (or get somebody else to do it for you) and see how right you were. The more you practise, the better you will get.
 Imagine a short phrase in your head then try to write it down, to notate it: when you have had a try, play back what you have written (or get somebody else to do it for you) and see how close you were.
 Write a short pattern of notes onto a stave, using the treble or bass clef, depending on which you read better. Look at what you have written in terms of rhythm and pitch and try to ‘hear it’ in your head. When you have tried this, as before, play back what you have written (or get somebody else to do it for you) and see how close you were.

General advice
Listen to music which you have heard before and you know demonstrates the use of one of more Elements of Music well; for example, you might think of the opening of the music for Jaws and think about its use of timbre and pitch. Imagine what this would sound like played on a glockenspiel and, therefore, at a very high pitch: it would certainly not have the same effect. Ask yourself:
 What instruments are used?
 What is their pitch?
Listen to dance music and try to work out the characteristic rhythms which set different dances apart from each other, whether the dance be a waltz, a polka, a minuet, a club dance, disco music and so on.
Listen to how different composers have used individual families of instruments:
 string instruments (whether in chamber groups or a string orchestra)
 brass instruments (whether orchestral brass used within an orchestra, for a fanfare, or as a brass band)
 percussion instruments, both pitched and unpitched
 woodwind instruments, whether in chamber groups of like instruments or in mixed woodwind groupings
 wind bands (i.e. using both brass and woodwind inastruments), sometimes called concert wind bands or military bands
 jazz combinations, large and small; it is here that you are most likely to hear effects such as con sordino (with a mute) and glissando (slide)
 rock groups, particularly the ways guitars and percussion have been used
 vocal groups both accompanied and unaccompanied (a cappella).
Listen for the different effects of various instrumental technqieus: pizzicato or plucking the strings, arco or using the bow, col legno or with the wood of a bow, using mutes (con sordino), sustaining and una corda pedals on the piano, and so on.
Listen also for the use of different types of articulation: playing smoothly (legato), playing in a detached manner (staccato), the use of ornaments (e.g. trills, mordents or turns), changing speeds (tempi) through rallentando/ritardando/ritenuto (rall. or rit.) – slowing down gradually – or accelerando (accel.) – speeding up gradually.
Above all, know the key words for the Elements of Music and for each AoS and be sure you understand all the vocabulary there. Test yourself by copying out some of the terms and then, at a later date, try to explain what they mean.

The tests at the end of this document use excerpts from longer pieces of music. You need to make sure you have the ‘listening revision tests’ CD from me. However, the full versions of these pieces are available – you will need to bring me 3 blank CDs to copy the music for you. This is highly recommended that you do and you should try to listen to more of the whole piece for revision purposes.
In the actual examination, each excerpt will usually have two to five questions based on it and be played several times (two, three, four, even five). To help you gain the most benefit from the questions following this section, each excerpt has several questions to accompany it rather than the minimum of two and some will be longer than those you are like to find in the actual examination. Because of these factors, most excerpts should be played four times (more, if needed). Several excerpts used in the following section are longer than you can expect to hear in the actual examination. This is done so that more practice can be given with a range of questions and it might be that you decide to answer just a selection from those excerpts which have rather a lot of questions attached.