Welcome to LLT121 Classical Mythology. When last we left our heroes, the Homeric heroes of the Trojan War, which was really fought right around 1200 BC, I was discussing the concept of nostos or return home. I was being hassled. I was being haxed. I was being brutalized emotionally and intellectually by somebody who took exception to my remark that nobody actually won the Trojan War. Nobody did. Oh yeah, the Greeks got to sack the city, all right. There’s no denying that. Look at what happened to the Greeks when they went home. Let’s take Agamemnon, for example. What happened to him? He got killed. By who? That is pretty bad. What happened to his wife? Their son killed her. That was all right, because he’d killed her. Nope, he’s no winner. Menelaus—Mr. Helen—he actually did get back together with Helen. He took Helen back. They got on a ship and they were going to sail back to ancient Greece, but they were blown away by a storm and wound up living for seven years in ancient Egypt. I say ancient Egypt because even to the ancient Greeks, ancient Egypt was very, very ancient.
Nestor made it home in one piece, too. Does anybody have a guess why Nestor made it home in one piece? Okay, go on and build on that thought, Jeremy. Well, yes and no. Oh, give me a break. Go back home. That isn’t bad. It isn’t right, either. I think, in his heart of hearts, Homer empathized with the old guy who talks just about forever. If any of you have ever written fiction, as I have. I’ve written some very bad fiction, in which the hero always tends to be this middle-aged college professor with a slightly balding hairline. Everybody respects him. Everybody worships him. He publishes a book every month. Get real. Nestor does, he honest-to-god does make it home. Ajax the Greater, I’ve decided that the soundtrack for today’s class will be done by the Crash Test Dummies. You remember them. They were this really bad band that mumbled everything. Ajax the Greater, what happened to him, Farrah Lynn? He killed himself. Well, this is really a bad one. Ajax the Lesser, the little girlie man who fought with a bow and an arrow. Here is what he did. He violated Cassandra in a temple of Athena. This is a bad career move because it gets Athena on his case. Athena, you will recall, is a good friend of her Uncle Poseidon, the influential sea god. As Ajax the Lesser is sailing home, I want somebody to raise his or her hand and tell me what it read on his death certificate. The weather started getting rough. The tiny ship was tossed. Ajax was washed up on the shore of an uncharted desert island. He said, “Not even the gods could destroy me. I am Ajax the Lesser.” Greer, what did it say on his death certificate? “Hubris.” Poseidon blasts the rock with his trident and that is the last we see of Ajax the Lesser. Nobody seems to miss him very much. I pause for a question here.
Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, the ten-year-old wunderkind of war, otherwise known as Priam’s killer. He did something pretty smart. He took the land route home. That was smart. He made the bad career move of marrying Hermione, who is the daughter of Menelaus and Helen. Now I know what you’re going to say. Since when is it a bad career move to marry the daughter of Helen of Troy? I mean, she’s probably a pretty hot-looking babe, right? Oh yeah, but she was already betrothed. She was already engaged to Orestes. What does Orestes do when he’s mad? Yeah, he killed his mom. If you marry his fiancé, guess what he’s going to do to you? Say Neoptolemus, that is the end of Neoptolemus the wunderkind of war. As a famous scholar with a slightly receding hairline has observed, legend, by its very nature contains a kernel of historical fact. This particular kernel of fact is, while the cat’s away the mice will play.
We’ve already seen it in the Agamemnon story. He’s been gone for ten years. Clytemnestra had been running the place quite well in his absence, thank you very much. Shut up. Maybe she doesn’t want to have Agamemnon come back and say, “I am king,” again. The next category of heroes here is the Rorschach map of the Mediterranean. It’s really looking pretty scruffy today. I don’t care because the semester’s almost over. Here is the edge of the world. Here’s hell. It belonged to a separate category. Let’s start out with Diomedes, the fellow who wounded Aphrodite and Ares in Book 5. He returns to his home town of Argos, only to find that his wife has been untrue to him. That happens. That one person is away for a long period of time. They may not even come back, and they find out that his or her main squeeze of love has been kind of getting some on the side. So Diomedes wanders around the Mediterranean, finally winds up in Italy. He founds a number of cities and is worshiped as a god after his death. He wanders around the Mediterranean, finally winds up in Italy where he founds a number of cities and is worshiped as a god after his death.
Idomeneus, the hero of Crete, the doctor who specializes in dealing out gory wounds. There is a couple of stories about what happens to him. Version one is very boring. He comes home. He finds out his wife has been untrue, so he kills her, thereby incurring miasma. That is the boring version. I mean you’ve seen that one before. You might say somebody just, like, made that up to get him out of town. Here’s version number two, which has kind of a Hebrew tinge to it. You’ll remember from a famous song that God once said to Abraham, “Kill me his son.” Abe said, “God, you must be putting me on.” Idomeneus was at sea. The weather started getting rough. The tiny ship was tossed. Idomeneus vowed to Poseidon that, if he would just let him ride the storm out, he would sacrifice to him, Poseidon, the first creature that comes to greet me once I land on my home island of Crete. Are you with me? Here’s what happens. The weather stopped getting rough. The tiny ship stopped being tossed. Idomeneus sails into the port of Crete like he was ice skating on glass. The first person who comes to greet him is his son, Idomeneus, Jr., bringing up an interesting dilemma. Dilemma is the name for a situation where you have two choices. There are two paths you can go by and, in the long run, they both suck. One, kill your son. Two, hack off Poseidon. What does he do? Yes, he does. Unlike the Biblical parable, Yahweh does not appear to say, “I was only joking.” The son dies. Idomeneus incurs miasma. So he wanders around the Mediterranean finally, winds up in Italy, where he founds a few cities and is worshipped as a god after his death. Shh! There’s more. He wanders around the Mediterranean and finally winds up in Italy where he founds a few cities and is worshiped as a god after his death.
Philoctetes, likewise, limps into a real bummer of a situation. He likewise comes home to his award winning hometown in Thessaly, and he is driven out whether because they didn’t want him anymore or because his foot stills stank, or what have you. Guess what Philoctetes winds up doing? He wanders around the Mediterranean. What happens next? Finally, he winds up in Italy, where he founds numerous cities and is worshiped as a god after he dies. He was the guy with the bow of Hercules. He was the steersman. Another Trojan War hero who was from Troy, actually. We’re not going to be able to talk much about him right now. His name is Aeneas. He is the son of Aphrodite and that promising young shepherd Anchises. He, too—well he doesn’t have a home to go to. It’s been turned into a parking lot. All the same, he wanders around the Mediterranean, finally winds up in Italy, founds a few cities and it worshiped as a god after he dies. Let’s repeat the drill together and then I’ll take a question. Diomedes, Idomeneus and Philoctetes all wander around the Mediterranean, finally wind up in Italy, found huge cities, and are worshiped as a god after their death. Okay, see just remember to do this a few times and it’s going to be worth 15–20 points on your exam, maybe. I’m trying to help you. This is an experiment in classical Greek learning. Let’s say it one more time. They wandered around the Mediterranean, finally ended up in Italy, founded huge cities, and were worshiped as gods after death.
Okay, there may be hope for you people. I make a joke out of it, but have you ever watched modern sitcoms, how repetitive the plots are? Let’s take a bunch of girls and a bunch of guys. They are all in their early 20s. They are all wrestling with their personalities and their place in the world. Let’s follow their wacky hijinks. How many shows like that are on the TV? Let us not tax the ancient Greeks for the apparent cookie cutter versions of their trip home stories. All right? I know I could just conk out thinking about it. There is one nostos story, though, that is so great. It’s about a guy who wanders around the Mediterranean. He just wants to get home. He wants to get home to his wife. It’s a story of a guy named Odysseus, a lying sack of poop who wandered the Mediterranean for ten years after the Trojan War and was faithful to his wife the entire time. Now, before I start telling you or going into the story of Odysseus with you, it occurs to me that I forgot something that I had meant to explain to you, how legend, by its very nature contains a kernel of historical fact.
It is a well-known fact that ancient Greece—okay, as is modern Greece—is a rocky place, where one seed can find no purchase. That is to say, it’s not good for growing much of anything. The soil is not very good. It’s not very deep. You don’t have to dig too far before you get to bedrock. If you don’t know anything about crop rotation, excessive fertilization, you’re going to burn up that soil, just like that. Meanwhile, the babies keep coming. So what do you do? You colonize. You send out groups of people. This is something obviously that European countries did, too, in the quote/unquote Age of Discovery, when after Columbus discovered America, to the great joy of the people who had already been there for centuries. The Greeks did send out colonies—let’s draw Asia Minor in here—to various islands, Italy, even as far as southern France. Anywhere they figured the boat would come in. It would work like this. We, the natives of Springfield, decide that there are too many Springfieldians for us to support. I know. Let’s round up all these men and women, put them in a boat and send them to found New Springfield somewhere. Not only is it a good way of reducing population that your land can’t support, it’s a good way of increasing your city’s influence. The citizens of quote/unquote, New Springfield, you people who found your own city. You are sovereign in your own right. You do have ties with your mother city of Springfield. A great deal of Sicily and Italy was settled in this fashion.
Beginning roughly 900 BC, a great deal of southern France or at least the Riviera was settled in this way. A great deal of Asia Minor was settled in this way. Greek cities sending boatloads of folks to found new cities because the Greek soil couldn’t support them anymore. That, folks, is a kernel of historical fact. Philoctetes is said to have founded a city called in, ancient Greek, Neopolis, New City. They founded so many of them they ran out of names. Neopolis became Napoli in Italian. We know it as Naples. Maybe he didn’t found Naples. Naples was probably founded by a bunch of schmucks from the award winning city of Thessaly. The point is that the people of this new town, new city wanted to have a famous hero as their founder. They wanted to be able to say, “We weren’t founded by some bunch of schmucks. I know we were founded by Philoctetes.” Nobody seemed to be in such a rush to claim Philoctetes as a founder so they took him. Crystal? Yeah, more or less but keep in mind that Aeneas is a Trojan. What he’s going to do is wander around and found Rome.
The people of Rome had a bad history with the ancient Greeks. On the one hand, they derived a great deal of their culture from the ancient Greeks. They admired the ancient Greek culture, but on the other hand, they ruled ancient Greece. They conquered the ancient Greeks. They didn’t want to be founded by any stinking Greek. The Greeks are just a bunch of who-hoo boys who can’t even rule their own country. They’re just a bunch of cultured people that can’t rule their own country. So the Romans prefer the version of the story that said a Trojan named Aeneas founded them. Good question, well answered. I’m going to offer you a famous person’s summary of the Odyssey. The story of the Odyssey is not long. Oh yeah. Have you ever tried to read it? Have you ever tried to read it in Greek? The story of the Odyssey is not long. A man is away from home for many years. Poseidon is constantly on the watch to destroy him, and he is alone. At home, suitors are wasting his property. His son is the victim of an intended plot. He reaches home tempest-tossed. He makes himself known, attacks his enemies and destroys them. He is, himself, saved. This is the heart of the matter, the rest is episodes. In six lines of my lecture notes, this famous dead ancient Greek Aristotle sums up the plot of that 400-page bestseller, the Odyssey. The rest is episodes, says Aristotle. The rest is weird trips to far out places, interesting character bi-play, and, I have to admit, in the Odyssey a lot of boring get on with the point. I’m sorry. I like the first half of the Odyssey a whole lot better than the second half.
When the Odyssey begins, we’re in Ithaca. Ithaca is the home of King Odysseus. Ithaca is actually kind of, like, over here. Queen Penelope has been without benefit of her husband for some 19 years or so. The Trojan War ended nine years ago and Penelope has been tending the home fire for 19 years and she’s getting tired of it. To make matters more annoying, there’s all these suitors, these people who are wooing Penelope, these guys who for some reason were not manly enough to go off to war and get killed with Odysseus and the other guys. They may be in their 20s. No, they pride themselves on their manliness. They say, “Hey, Penelope, you need a husband. You need loving. Odysseus is dead. Marry me.” Penelope? Well, she doesn’t want to get married to them. She still hopes that Odysseus is alive, but she’s got a problem. Well, it’s not really a problem. She’s got a problem in that society. Can she kick them all out of the house and say, “You’re all a bunch of leaches. Get the bleep out of my house.” No she can’t say that, because she’s a girl. Never mind that Penelope is probably smarter than all of them put together. By her status as a woman in ancient Greek Homeric society, she just can’t kick all their butts and say “get out,” much as she would dearly love to. She has this one trick. It is kind of neat. She says, “All right, I’ll marry one of you. I will pick one of you jokers when I’m finished weaving this burial shroud for my father-in-law.” “Okay,” say the suitors. Of course, what Penelope does when, after all the lordly suitors have drunk themselves blind and passed out, she unravels it. She manages to fool these geniuses for about three or four years before, finally, one of the slave women snitches on her. Penelope has been unraveling that thing every night.
Gentleman you are not going to enjoy this. In the entire Odyssey the only two male characters with any brains at all are Zeus and Odysseus. Except for Odysseus, anybody with any intelligence in the whole poem is female. We’re going to have a chance to see next time who is smarter, Odysseus or Penelope. As a matter of fact, the intelligence of women is so strongly pronounced—the fact that anybody with any brains in this poem is female, except for Odysseus and Zeus—some people suggest it was written by a woman; Homer’s daughter, maybe even. Who knows? But, when you read the Odyssey, just think about it. Why is it that anybody with any brains in this poem is female? Let’s take Telemachus, for example, the son of Penelope and Odysseus. Sorry. He’s about seventeen. He’s whining. He’s had it pretty rough. The last time he saw his dad, remember, his dad was about to run over him with a plow 19 years ago. He probably just traumatized him for life. Then, all of a sudden, this old guy by the name of Mentor comes up with old Telemachus. You wonder where we get the term Mentor from? It is here. Mentor says—well, actually it’s not Mentor—because Mentor is about to say something intelligent. We’ll say that the goddess Athena took over the body of Mentor for a second. See it had to have been a woman who wrote this, because no mere male in the Odyssey could have said something so intelligent. Of course, could she say to her, “Hey I’m Athena?” No, because Athena is a girl. At any rate, Athena changes herself into the manly, wise man, Mentor, and he says, “Put away your toys, you whiny little turd. It’s about time you grew up, went out and saw a little bit of the world. Don’t be sitting here whining about your dad. Go out and look for him. Go visit Nestor. Maybe Nestor knows where he is.” So on and so forth. Then Mentor turns into a bird and flies away, leaving Telemachus to think that must have been a god. He’s not really that dumb.
Like all of you kids, except for Ray, Matt and Regina. We’re a bunch of old farts. We know this is true. You have to spend a certain amount of your youth whining about how everybody is out to get you and how things aren’t fair. You learn this is the way of the world. You might as well learn to deal with it. You’re cool. Telemachus has to learn this, too. This is kind of funny. Telemachus goes around asking, “Where is my dad?” It’s true, the suitors are trying to kill Telemachus. Telemachus gives them the slip. The suitors, if brains were dynamite, the suitors could not light a cigarette. If brains were kerosene, Odysseus’s sailors could not light a match. Face it guys. We are all a pack of idiots in this award winning poem. Telemachus starts to grow up, though. He is learning. One thing he does is he goes to visit Nestor, but he runs into Nestor’s son on the outskirts of Nestor’s hometown, Pylos. This shows you that Telemachus is learning something. He runs into Nestor’s son, who says, “I’d really like to go visit your dad, but I really don’t have the time. Please give my warmest and most admiring regards to your heroic father. I’d rather eat a quick dinner and go find out more about my dad.” Erica why is this such a good idea for Telemachus not to go into Nestor’s palace to talk to Nestor, but to ask Nestor’s son? That is exactly right, but notice how gracefully he handles it. I’m not going to get out to the end of the Aeneid if I do that. No, he says he handles it with politeness, with consideration for other people’s feelings. This boy is going to learn something. yet. I sure hope so. I think so. as a matter of fact.
One of the joys of reading Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey that I’ve not had that much time to go into is the character delineation, the ethos. It is, Mark, a very charming exchange, because you can tell when young Telemachus is trying to look— have you ever been pressed for a polite excuse not to go talk to somebody you don’t dislike, but you don’t want to go talk to them either? He’s scuffling. I think Nestor’s son understands completely. Yeah, he’s another one of those guys that wants to talk to dad. I can be a real turd to him, but he’s a nice kid. I’ll cut him some slack. It’s wonderful. Only at the beginning of Book 5 do we find Odysseus. We haven’t seen him yet. They’ve been talking about him all the time. We only meet him in Book 5. He is on the island of Ogygia, which is a very small island in the ocean consisting of a palm tree, a cave and all sorts of beach. In the cave is Calypso a minor goddess who looks a lot like Wynona Ryder. Over here is Odysseus, who has been trapped on this island for seven years as her love slave. She has even offered to make Odysseus immortal. “Say hey, Odysseus, I, Calypso will make you immortal if only you will agree to serve as my love slave throughout eternity.” There are worse things that could happen.
Odysseus says, “No, I’m sorry. I am faithful to my wife.” They get it on from time to time. He has to, but he thinks about his wife Penelope. He’s crying and looking off toward Ithaca because he wants to be home with Penelope. Even though Penelope is 19 years older than she was last time he saw her, even though there is no guarantee that Penelope hasn’t married one of these slime balls. There is no guarantees in life. Odysseus, God bless him, still wants to go home to Penelope. There are complications. Athena goddess of war, wisdom and women’s work, sees her old buddy Odysseus and says, “Zeus, don’t you think Odysseus has suffered enough?” Okay, Athena is Zeus’s fair-haired child. He gave birth to her himself. So he decides that it’s time for Odysseus to go home. Yes? I’m getting there, Caroline. It is a flashback. You think the flashback was something that was invented by a director who smoked clove cigarettes out of a holder and wore a scarf and a beret and all that junk. No, Homer invented the flashback. I could do that shtick, too. I give it a thumbs up. The thing that Zeus does is he sends down Hermes, the messenger god, to announce to Calypso that Odysseus doesn’t want to stay. “Calypso, it’s time for Odysseus to go.” Here’s more proof supporting the thesis that only a woman could have written this because here’s what happens.
A real Homeric woman of this time period would have said, “Yes, sir. Whatever Zeus does is fine with me.” That is not what Calypso does. She rants and raves. I dare say bitches at Hermes saying, “Oh look, this is great. Whenever you gods get a mortal woman that you like, hey, do what you want. But just let one of us goddesses get a hold of some mortal guy and the whole world ends. We’ve got to give it up. Demeter picked up a mortal boyfriend and you turned her into a newt or something like that.” She gets medieval on Hermes, complaining about the double standard that gods can do whatever gods want to do with women. but if a goddess ever hits on a guy. It’s very strange to find a viewpoint like that being expressed so vehemently in 750 BC. Calypso realizes that Zeus is the big cheese and the plot also demands that it happen. So Calypso says, “Odysseus, Hermes says that I am supposed to help you leave. Hermes says that I’m supposed to help you leave, so I’m going to help you build a boat. For about 500 excruciating lines Homer describes about how Odysseus took hold of the well-shafted adz and scraped the shavings. There is no simile for shavings and parts and tools you never even knew existed. I had to read this in ancient Greek. I was studying for my cite examination. I had to take a 3-hour site examination in ancient Greek. This was one of the passages that could have been on it. What my professors advised me, “Well, if that passage shows up, Joe, just assume that somebody hates you and you’ll be taking the exam again.” It’s excruciating, especially when you know, as I know, what’s going to happen to that ship.
What’s going to happen to that ship? The weather is going to start getting rough. Yes, exactly. He builds the raft. Calypso says, “Hey, one more time, for old times sake, Odysseus.” Then he gets on the boat. Odysseus is on this raft sailing from the island of Ogygia. Then he runs into the influential sea god, Poseidon. Poseidon hates Odysseus. The weather starts getting rough. The tiny ship gets tossed. It gets smashed into all sorts of bits. If not for the fact that he was hanging onto a log and for the fact that Athena like him—he was the star of the whole poem—Odysseus would have been lost. He washes up on the shore of an uncharted desert isle. In order to save chalk the island is named Scheria. It is the land of the Phaeacians. Odysseus is buck-naked. He’s buck-naked. He’s scared up. He’s water logged. He stumbles up onto the beach where a couple of 15-year-old girls—one of them the princess, now Nausicaa, daughter of the king and queen—are doing laundry. A couple of 15-year-old girls doing their laundry. They finished their laundry. Now they are just running around playing.
How many people in this room have been a 15-year-old girl at some point in their lives? Who do I want to torment? Carrie, you are very quiet. Let’s say you are a 15-year-old girl and some big burly naked guy comes running up out of the surf. What do you do? Help me out here. I don’t want to hear, “It depends on what he looks like.” You run, right? Screaming. You’re not supposed to talk to strange men. You’re especially not supposed to talk to strange naked men. The same goes for 15-year-old boys. Run away. He comes running up to this princess and says, “help me.” She says, “Okay, but first go stand behind a rock. I’m not really supposed to be looking at you.” She’s cool. She doesn’t fling up her hands and go, “Ah, a naked man!” Maybe this poem was written by a woman. This kid really has got something on the ball. Odysseus starts saying, “Oh, fair lady, you are probably a goddess. Please show favor.” “Cut to the chase, bub. What would you like?” Odysseus recognizes when he’s dealing with somebody who is intelligent like him. Fortunately, she’s been doing the laundry. She says, “Yes, here are some clothes that were for my brother. Here put them on.” “Where do I go to get some help? “You go into town where my dad, King Alcinous, and my mom, Queen Arete, rule the town.” Odysseus’s next question is, “Like, can I follow you in?” Nausicaa looks at him and says, “What are you nuts? How do you think it would look that I, a 15-year-old princess come into town with some naked man that I picked up out on the beach? No you’re going to have to find your way yourself. She knows when to be nice and she knows when to say no. “I’m not putting my butt on the line for you.” She does give him a helpful piece of advice. She says, “Walk in to the great beautiful palace of my father, King Alcinous, and his wife, Queen Arete. Enter into the hall where my father sits upon the throne, drinking his wine like a god, and walk right past my father and fall down at the knees of my mother, Queen Arete. Tell her your story because, if she is kindly disposed to you, she can help you. She is a wise woman, and men listen to her counsel. Whoa! “My dad’s sitting there drinking his wine like a god. Walk right by him and talk to mom. If mom likes you, it’s done.” This had to have been written by a woman. Odysseus, in a sign of his intelligence, he was talking to a 15-year-old girl here. He could say, “Yeah right.” He listens to her. He listens to the 15-year-old girl and does what the 15-year-old girl tells him to do. He’s walking into the town. Athena—his buddy, right?—shines grace on him so he starts looking studlier. He’s looking like a human being again. He walks into the hall of King Alcinous where he sits there drinking his wine like a god. He walks right by him, falls to his knees in front of Queen Arete, grabs her around the knees. That is how you did that when you were begging somebody in those days. “Queen Arete, your daughter told me that you could help me. I want to go home.” Before he tells them where home is, they’ve got to eat dinner, because this is Homer. Homer can’t tell you, “Oh, they sat around and had a really good dinner.” No, Homer has got to tell you every single course that they ate in excruciating detail. There’s entertainment, too. There’s a bard playing his lyre. He’s blind and bald. He’s playing this really excellent tune about how Ares and Aphrodite got it on one time out on the sly. They eat and drink. At the end of the dinner, they say, “Now, stranger, now that we’ve fed you and entertained you, please tell us who you are.” The stranger says, “I am no ordinary stranger. I am Odysseus, King of Ithaca. My fame reaches the skies. Here’s where I’ve been since the Trojan War ended.” We go into major flashback. We’re going to pick up with Odysseus and his wondering in our next exciting episode of Classical Mythology. I’ll see you then.
Source: http://courses.missouristate.edu/josephhughes/myth/TranscriptsWord/Lecture37.doc
Web site to visit: http://courses.missouristate.edu/
Author of the text: indicated on the source document of the above text
If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly. Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, search engines, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use)
The information of medicine and health contained in the site are of a general nature and purpose which is purely informative and for this reason may not replace in any case, the council of a doctor or a qualified entity legally to the profession.
The texts are the property of their respective authors and we thank them for giving us the opportunity to share for free to students, teachers and users of the Web their texts will used only for illustrative educational and scientific purposes only.
All the information in our site are given for nonprofit educational purposes