Chapter 21 Associates

1.       Objectives

1.1       Define an associate.
1.2       Explain the principles for the use of equity accounting.
1.3       Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position to include a single subsidiary and an associate.
1.4       Prepare a consolidated income statement to include a single subsidiary and an associate.

2.       Investments in Associates

2.1

Definitions

(a)        Associate – An entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, over which an investor has significant influence and which is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. (b)        Significant influence – is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but is not control or joint control over those policies. Significant influence is assumed with a shareholding of 20% to 50%. (c)        Equity method – A method of accounting whereby the investment is initially recorded at cost and adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investor’s share of net assets of the investee. The profit or loss of the investor includes the investor’s share of the profit or loss of the investee.

3.       Associates in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

3.1       The associate is included as a non-current asset investment calculated as:

	$000
Cost of investment	X
Share of post acquisition profits	X
Less: Impairment losses	(X)
Less: Unrealised profit	(X)
	X

3.2

Example 1

H Ltd acquired 25% interest in A Ltd for $100,000 on 1 January 2010. At the date of the acquisition, A Ltd has the following shareholders’ funds:   $ Ordinary shares ($1 each) 200,000 Share premium 40,000 Retained earnings 160,000 For the year ended 31 December 2010, A Ltd records profit after tax of $16,000 and declared dividend of $10,000. Journal entries: 1 January 2010 Dr ($) Cr )$) Investment in associate 100,000   Bank   100,000 (Being investment in associates recorded at cost.)         31 December 2010 (in books of H Ltd’s consolidated financial statements) Investment in associate ($16,000 x 25%) 4,000   Share of profit of associate   4,000 (Being equity account for 25% interest in the associate’s profit.)       Bank ($10,000 x 25%) 2,500   Investment in associate   2,500 (Being dividend received from associate.)

 

3.3       Equity method is meaningful because it allows a measure of responsibility of an investor for the performance of an associate by including the associate’s profits or losses into account.
3.4       In addition, the carrying value of investment may better approximate its current value than the cost value. The carrying value of investment is deemed to be increased when the associate makes profits while a decrease in value of investment is recorded when the associate sustains losses.

3.5

Steps for Preparing the CSFP including associate

(W1) Shareholding in the subsidiary (W2) Consolidation adjustments. (W3) Net assets of subsidiary   At date of acquisition At the reporting date   $ $ Share capital X X Reserves:     Share premium X X Retained earnings X X   X X (W4) Goodwill   $ Parent holding (investment) at fair value X NCI value at acquisition (*) X   X Less:   Fair value of net assets at acquisition (W2) (X) Goodwill on acquisition X Impairment of goodwill (X) Carrying goodwill X (*) If fair value method adopted, NCI value = fair value of NCI’s holding at acquisition (number of shares NCI own × subsidiary share price). (*) If proportion of net assets method adopted, NCI value = NCI % × fair value of net assets at acquisition (from W2). (W5) Non controlling interest   $ NCI value at acquisition (as in W3) X NCI share of post-acquisition reserves (W2) X NCI share of impairment (fair value method only) (X)   X (W6) Group retained earnings   $ Parent retained earnings (100%) X Group % of sub’s post-acquisition retained earnings X Group % of associate post-acquisition retained earnings X Less: Parent share of impairment (S + A) (W4) (X)   X (W7) Investment in associate   $ Cost of investment X Post-acquisition profits (W6) X Less: Impairment (X) Less: Unrealised profits (X)   X

 

3.6

Example 2

Below are the statements of financial position of three companies as at 31 December 2010.   H Ltd S Ltd A Ltd Non-current assets $000 $000 $000 Property, plant and equipment 1,120 980 840 Investments       672,000 shares in S Ltd 644 - - 168,000 shares in A Ltd 224 - -   1,988 980 840 Current assets       Inventory 380 640 190 Receivables 190 310 100 Bank 35 58 46   605 1,008 336 Total assets 2,593 1,988 1,176         Equity and liabilities       Equity       $1 Ordinary shares 1,120 840 560 Retained earnings 1,232 602 448   2,352 1,442 1,008 Current liabilities       Trade payables 150 480 136 Taxation 91 66 32   241 546 168         Total equity and liabilities 2,593 1,988 1,176 You are also given the following information: 1.         H Ltd acquired its shares in S Ltd on 1 January 2010 when S Ltd had retained losses of $56,000. 2.         H Ltd acquired its shares in A Ltd on 1 January 2010 when A Ltd had retained earnings of $140,000. 3.         An impairment test at the year end shows that goodwill for S Ltd remains unimpaired but the investment in A Ltd has impaired by $2,800. 4.         The H Group values the non-controlling interest using the fair value method. The fair value on 1 January 2010 was $160,000. Required: Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2010. Solution: W1   Shareholdings   S Ltd A Ltd Group 80% 30% Non-controlling interest 20% -   100%   W2   Net asset of S Ltd   At date of acquisition At the reporting date   $000 $000 Share capital 840 840 Retained earnings (56) 602   784 1,442 W3      Calculation of Goodwill   $000 Cost of investment 644 Fair value of NCI 160   804 Less: 100% net assets at acquisition (784) Goodwill 20 W4   Non-controlling interest   $000 Fair value of NCI 160 20% post-acquisition profit [20% x (56 + 602)] 131.6   291.6 W5   Group retained earnings   $000 H Ltd 1,232 S Ltd [80% x (56 + 602)] 526.4 A Ltd [30% x (448 – 140)] 92.4 Less: Impairment of associate (2.8)   1,848 W6   Investment in associate   $000 Cost of investment 224 Post acquisition profits (W5) 92.4 Less: Impairment (2.8)   313.6 Consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2010 Non-current assets $000 $000 Goodwill (W3)   20 Property, plant and equipment (1,120 + 980)   2,100 Investment in associate (W6)   313.6     2,433.6 Current assets     Inventory (380 + 640) 1,020   Receivables (190 + 310) 500   Cash (35 + 58) 93 1,613 Total assets   4,046.6       Equity and liabilities     Equity     $1 ordinary shares   1,120 Retained earnings (W5)   1,848     2,968 Non-controlling interest (W4)   291.6     3,259.6 Current liabilities     Trade payables (150 + 480) 630   Taxation (91 + 66) 157 787 Total equity and liabilities   4,046.6

 

3.7       Balance with associate
Generally the associate is considered to be outside the group. Therefore balances between group companies and the associate will remain in the consolidated statement of financial position.

If a group company trades with the associate, the resulting payables and receivables will remain in the consolidated statement of financial position.

3.8       Unrealised profit in inventory
Unrealised profits on trading between group and associate must be eliminated to the extent of the investor’s interest (i.e. % owned by parent).

(a)        Parent selling to associate – the profit elements is included in the parent company’s accounts and associate holds the inventory.

Dr. Group retained earnings
Cr. Investment in associate

(b)        Associate selling to parent company – the profit element is included in the associate company’s accounts and the parent holds the inventory.

Dr. Group retained earnings
Cr. Group inventory

4.       Associates in the Consolidated Income Statement

4.1

Associate in consolidated income statement

(a)        Equity accounting – Group shares of the associate’s profit after tax less any impairment of the associate in the year. (b)        Trading with the associate – sales or purchases between group companies and the associate are not normally eliminated and will remain part of the consolidated figures in the income statement. It is normal practice to instead adjust for the unrealized profit in inventory. (c)        Dividends from associates – they are excluded from the consolidated income statement; the group share of the associate’s profit is included instead.

4.2

Example 3

Below are the income statements for H, S and A for the year ended 31 December 2010.   H Ltd S Ltd A Ltd   $000 $000 $000 Revenue 8,000 4,500 3,000 Operating expenses (4,750) (2,700) (2,050) Profit from operations 3,250 1,800 950 Finance costs (750) (100) (50) Profit before tax 2,500 1,700 900 Tax (700) (500) (300) Profit for the year 1,800 1,200 600 You are also given the following information: 1.         H acquired 80% of S several years ago. 2.         H acquired 30% of the equity share capital of A on 1 January 2009. 3.         During the year, H sold goods to A for $1 million at a mark-up of 25%. At the year-end, A still held one quarter of these goods in inventory. 4.         At 31 December 2010, it was determined that the investment in the associate was impaired by $35,000, of which $20,000 related to the current year. Required: Prepare the consolidated income statement for the group for the year ended 31 December 2010. Solution: W1   Shareholdings   S Ltd A Ltd Group 80% 30% Non-controlling interest 20% -   100   W2   Unrealised profit in inventory = $1,000 x 25/125 x 1/4 x 30% = $15 Intercompany balances between the parent and associate are not eliminated as the associate is outside the group. Therefore, no adjustment in respect of the sale for $1 million needs to be made. In the consolidated income statement, unrealized profit in inventory will increase cost of sales since the parent is selling company. Consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 December 2010     $000 Revenue (8,000 + 4,500)   12,500 Operating expenses (4,750 + 2,700 + 15 (W2))   (7,465) Profit from operations   5,035 Share of associate [(30% x 600) – 20 impairment] 160 Finance costs (750 + 100)   (850) Profit before tax   4,345 Taxation (700 + 500)   (1,200) Profit for the year   3,145

 

Examination Style Questions

Question 1
Below are the statements of financial position of three entities as at 30 September 2011.

	P	S	A
Non-current assets	$000	$000	$000
Property, plant and equipment	14,000	7,500	3,000
Investments	10,000	-	-
	24,000	7,500	3,000
Current assets	6,000	3,000	1,500
Total assets	30,000	10,500	4,500
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Share capital ($1 each)	10,000	1,000	500
Retained earnings	7,500	5,500	2,500
	17,500	6,500	3,000
Non-current liabilities	8,000	1,250	500
Current liabilities	4,500	2,750	1,000
	30,000	10,500	4,500

Further information:

1.         P acquired 75% of the equity share capital of S several years ago, paying $5 million in cash. At this time the balance on S’s retained earnings was $3 million.
2.         P acquired 30% of the equity share capital of A on 1 October 2009, paying $750,000 in cash. At 1 October 2009 the balance on A’s retained earnings was $1.5 million.
3.         During the year, P sold goods to A for $1 million at a mark up of 25%. At the year-end, A still held one quarter of these goods in inventory.
4.         As a result of this trading, P was owed $250,000 by A at the reporting date. This agrees with the amount included in A’s trade payables.
5.         At 30 September 2011, it was determined that the investment in the associate was impaired by $35,000.
6.         Non-controlling interests are valued using the fair value method. The fair value of the non-controlling interest at the date of acquisition was $1.6 million.

Required:
Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of the P group as at 30 September 2011.

Question 2
P acquired 80% of S on 1 December 2008 paying $4.25 in cash per share. At this date the balance on S’s retained earnings were $870,000. On 1 March 2011 P acquired 30% of A’s ordinary shares. The consideration was settled by share exchange of 4 new shares in P for every 3 shares acquired in A. The share price of P at the date of acquisition was $5.00. P has not yet recorded the acquisition of A in its books.

The statement of financial position of the three companies as at 30 November 2011 are as follows:

	P	S	A
Non-current assets	$000	$000	$000
Property	1,300	850	900
Plant and equipment	450	210	150
Investments	1,825	-	-
Current assets
Inventory	550	230	200
Receivables	300	340	400
Cash	120	50	140
Total assets	4,545	1,680	1,790
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Share capital $1	1,800	500	250
Share premium	250	80	-
Retained earnings	1,145	400	1,200
	3,195	980	1,450
Non-current liabilities
10% loan notes	500	300	-
Current liabilities
Trade payables	520	330	250
Income tax	330	70	90
Total equity and liabilities	4,545	1,680	1,790

The following information is relevant:

1.      As at 1 December 2008, plant in the books of S was determined to have a fair value of $50,000 in excess of its carrying value. The plant had a remaining life of 5 years at this time.
2.      During the post-acquisition period, S sold goods to P for $400,000 at a mark-up of 25%. P had a quarter of these goods still in inventory at the year-end.
3.      In September A sold goods to P for $150,000. These goods had cost A $100,000. P had $90,000 (at cost to P) in inventory at the year-end.
4.      As a result of the above inter-company sales, P’s books showed $50,000 and $20,000 as owing to S and A respectively at the year-end. These balances agree with the amounts recorded in S’s and A’s books.
5.      Non-controlling interests are measured using the fair value method. The fair value of the non-controlling interest at the date of acquisition was $368,000. Goodwill has impaired by $150,000 at the reporting date. An impairment review found the investment in the associate was to be impaired by $15,000 at the year-end.
6.      A’s profit after tax for the year is $600,000.

Required:

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position as at 30 November 2011.

Question 3
Laurel acquired 80% of the ordinary share capital of Hardy for $160,000 and 40% of the ordinary share capital of Comic for $70,000 on 1 January 20X7 when the retained earnings balances were $64,000 in Hardy and $24,000 in Comic. Laurel, Comic and Hardy are public limited companies.

The statements of financial position of the three companies at 31 December 20X9 are set out below:

You are also given the following information:
1.       On 30 November 20X9 Laurel sold some goods to Hardy for cash for $32,000. These goods had originally cost $22,000 and none had been sold by the year-end. On the same date Laurel also sold goods to Comic for cash for $22,000. These goods originally cost $10,000 and Comic had sold half by the year end.
2.       On 1 January 20X7 Hardy owned some items of equipment with a book value of $45,000 that had a fair value of $57,000. These assets were originally purchased by Hardy on 1 January 20X5 and are being depreciated over 6 years.
3.       Group policy is to measure non-controlling interests at acquisition at fair value. The fair value of the noncontrolling interests in Hardy on 1 January 20X7 was calculated as $39,000.
4.       Cumulative impairment losses on recognised goodwill amounted to $15,000 at 31 December 20X9. No impairment losses have been necessary to date relating to the investment in the associate.

Required:

Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for Laurel and its subsidiary as at 31 December 20X9, incorporating its associate in accordance with HKAS 28.

Question 4
On 1 October 2006 Plateau acquired the following non-current investments:

• 3 million equity shares in Savannah by an exchange of one share in Plateau for every two shares in Savannah plus $1.25 per acquired Savannah share in cash. The market price of each Plateau share at the date of acquisition was $6 and the market price of each Savannah share at the date of acquisition was $3.25.
• 30% of the equity shares of Axle at a cost of $7·50 per share in cash.

Only the cash consideration of the above investments has been recorded by Plateau. In addition $500,000 of professional costs relating to the acquisition of Savannah are also included in the cost of the investment.

The summarised draft statements of financial position of the three companies at 30 September 2007 are:

The following information is relevant:
(i)      At the date of acquisition Savannah had five years remaining of an agreement to supply goods to one of its major customers. Savannah believes it is highly likely that the agreement will be renewed when it expires. The directors of Plateau estimate that the value of this customer based contract has a fair value of $1 million and an indefinite life and has not suffered any impairment.
(ii)     On 1 October 2006, Plateau sold an item of plant to Savannah at its agreed fair value of $2.5 million. Its carrying amount prior to the sale was $2 million. The estimated remaining life of the plant at the date of sale was five years (straight-line depreciation).
(iii)    During the year ended 30 September 2007 Savannah sold goods to Plateau for $2·7 million. Savannah had marked up these goods by 50% on cost. Plateau had a third of the goods still in its inventory at 30 September 2007. There were no intra-group payables/receivables at 30 September 2007.
(iv)    Impairment tests on 30 September 2007 concluded that neither consolidated goodwill nor the value of the investment in Axle were impaired.
(v)     The available-for-sale investments are included in Plateau's statement of financial position (above) at their fair value on 1 October 2006, but they have a fair value of $9 million at 30 September 2007.
(vi)    No dividends were paid during the year by any of the companies.
(vii)   It is the group policy to value non-controlling interest at acquisition at full (or fair) value. For this purpose the share price of Savannah at this date should be used.

Required:

(a)     Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position for Plateau as at 30 September 2007.       (20 marks)
(b)     A financial assistant has observed that the fair value exercise means that a subsidiary's net assets are included at acquisition at their fair (current) values in the consolidated statement of financial position. The assistant believes that it is inconsistent to aggregate the subsidiary's net assets with those of the parent because most of the parent's assets are carried at historical cost.

Required:

Comment on the assistant's observation and explain why the net assets of acquired subsidiaries are consolidated at acquisition at their fair values.                                                     (5 marks)
(Total = 25 marks)
(Amended ACCA F7 Financial Reporting December 2007 Q1)

Question 5
Hedra, a public listed company, acquired the following investments:
(i)      On 1 October 20X4, 72 million shares in Salvador for an immediate cash payment of $195 million. Hedra agreed to pay further consideration on 30 September 20X5 of $49 million if the post acquisition profits of Salvador exceeded an agreed figure at that date (ignore discounting). Hedra has not yet accounted for this $49 million which is regarded as being at fair value. Salvador also accepted a $50 million 8% loan from Hedra at the date of its acquisition.
(ii)     On 1 April 20X5, 40 million shares in Aragon by way of a share exchange of two shares in Hedra for each acquired share in Aragon. The share market value of Hedra 's shares at the date of this share exchange was $2.50. Hedra has not yet recorded the acquisition of the investment in Aragon.

The summarised statements of financial position of the three companies as at 30 September 20X5 are:

The following information is relevant.
(a)     Fair value adjustments and revaluations:
(i)      Hedra's accounting policy for land and buildings is that they should be carried at their fair values. The fair value of Salvador's land at the date of acquisition was $20 million in excess of its carrying value. By 30 September 20X5 this excess had increased by a further $5 million. Salvador's buildings did not require any fair value adjustments. The fair value of Hedra's own land and buildings at 30 September 20X5 was $12 million in excess of its carrying value in the above statement of financial position.
(ii)     The fair value of some of Salvador's plant at the date of acquisition was $20 million in excess of its carrying value and had a remaining life of four years (straight–line depreciation is used).
(iii)    At the date of acquisition Salvador had unrelieved tax losses of $40 million from previous years. Salvador had not accounted for these as a deferred tax asset as its directors did not believe the company would be sufficiently profitable in the near future. However, the directors of Hedra were confident that these losses would be utilised and accordingly they should be recognised as a deferred tax asset. By 30 September 20X5 the group had not yet utilised any of these losses. The income tax rate is 25%.
(b)     The retained earnings of Salvador and Aragon at 1 October 20X4, as reported in their separate financial statements, were $20 million and $200 million respectively. All profits are deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year.
(c)     An impairment test on 30 September 20X5 showed that consolidated goodwill should be written down by $20million. Hedra has applied IFRS 3 Business combinations since the acquisition of Salvador.
(d)     The investment in Aragon has not suffered any impairment.
(e)     It is the group policy to value non-controlling interest at acquisition at full (or fair) value. The directors value the goodwill attributable to the non-controlling interest at acquisition at $10m.

Required:

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Hedra as at 30 September 20X5.
(25 marks)
(Amended ACCA 2.5 Financial Reporting December 2005 Q1)

Question 6
Below are the summarised statements of financial position for three companies as at 31 March 2009:

Notes:
Pacemaker is a public listed company that acquired the following investments:
(i)      Investment in Syclop
On 1 April 2007 Pacemaker acquired 116 million shares in Syclop for an immediate cash payment of $210 million and issued at par one 10% $100 loan note for every 200 shares acquired. Syclop's retained earnings at the date of acquisition were $120 million.
(ii)     Investment in Vardine
On 1 October 2008 Pacemaker acquired 30 million shares in Vardine in exchange for 75 million of its own shares. The stock market value of Pacemaker's shares at the date of this share exchange was $1·60 each. Pacemaker has not yet recorded the investment in Vardine.
(iii)    Pacemaker's other investments, and those of Syclop, are available-for-sale investments which are carried at their fair values as at 31 March 2008. The fair value of these investments at 31 March 2009 is $82 million and $37 million respectively.

Other relevant information:
(iv)    Pacemaker's policy is to value non-controlling interests at their fair values. The directors of Pacemaker assessed the fair value of the non-controlling interest in Syclop at the date of acquisition to be $65 million.

There has been no impairment to goodwill or the value of the investment in Vardine.
(v)     At the date of acquisition of Syclop owned a recently built property that was carried at its (depreciated) construction cost of $62 million. The fair value of this property at the date of acquisition was $82 million and it had an estimated remaining life of 20 years.

For many years Syclop has been selling some of its products under the brand name of 'Kyklop'. At the date of acquisition the directors of Pacemaker valued this brand at $25 million with a remaining life of 10 years. The brand is not included in Syclop's statement of financial position.
(vi)    The inventory of Syclop at 31 March 2009 includes goods supplied by Pacemaker for $56 million (at selling price from Pacemaker). Pacemaker adds a mark-up of 40% on cost when selling goods to Syclop. There are no intra-group receivables or payables at 31 March 2009.
(vii)   Vardine's profit is subject to seasonal variation. Its profit for the year ended 31 March 2009 was $100 million. $20 million of this profit was made from 1 April 2008 to 30 September 2008.
(viii)  None of the companies have paid any dividends for many years.

Required:

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Pacemaker as at 31 March 2009.
(25 marks)
(Adapted ACCA F7 Financial Reporting June 2009 Q1)

Question 7
Below are the statements of comprehensive income of Tyson, its subsidiary Douglas and associate Frank at 31 December 20X8. Tyson, Douglas and Frank are public limited companies.

You are also given the following information:
1.       Tyson acquired 80,000 shares in Douglas for $188,000 3 years ago when Douglas had a credit balance on its reserves of $40,000. Douglas has 100,000 $1 ordinary shares.
2.       Tyson acquired 40,000 shares in Frank for $60,000 2 years ago when that company had a credit balance on its reserves of $20,000. Frank has 100,000 $1 ordinary shares.
3.       During the year Douglas sold some goods to Tyson for $66,000 (cost $48,000). None of the goods had been sold by the year end.
4.       Group policy is to measure non-controlling interests at acquisition at fair value. The fair value of the non controlling interests in Douglas at acquisition was $40,000. An impairment test carried out at the year end resulted in $15,000 of the recognised goodwill relating to Douglas being written off and recognition of impairment losses of $2,400 relating to the investment in Frank.

Required:

Prepare the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 20X8 for Tyson, incorporating its associate.

Question 8
Holdrite purchased 75% of the issued share capital of Staybrite and 40% of the issued share capital of Allbrite on 1 April 20X4.

Details of the purchase consideration given at the date of purchase are:
Staybrite:      a share exchange of 2 shares in Holdrite for every 3 shares in Staybrite plus an issue to the shareholders of Staybrite 8% loan notes redeemable at par on 30 June 20X6 on the basis of $100 loan note for every 250 shares held in Staybrite.
Allbrite:        a share exchange of 3 shares in Holdrite for every 4 shares in Allbrite plus $1 per share acquired in cash. The market price of Holdrite's shares at 1 April 20X4 was $6 per share.

The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year to 30 September 20X4 are:

The following information is relevant:
(i)      A fair value exercise was carried out for Staybrite at the date of its acquisition with the following results:

The fair values have not been reflected in Staybrite's financial statements. The increase in the fair value of the plant would create additional depreciation of $500,000 in the post acquisition period in the consolidated financial statements to 30 September 20X4.

Depreciation of plant is charged to cost of sales.

(ii)     The details of each company's share capital and reserves at 1 October 20X3 are:

(iii)    In the post acquisition period Holdrite sold goods to Staybrite for $10 million. Holdrite made a profit of $4 million on these sales. One-quarter of these goods were still in the inventory of Staybrite at 30 September 20X4.
(iv)    Impairment tests on the goodwill of Staybrite and Allbrite at 30 September 20X4 resulted in the need to write down Staybrite's goodwill by $750,000.
(v)     Holdrite paid a dividend of $5 million on 20 September 20X4. Staybrite and Allbrite did not make any dividend payments.
(vi)    It is the group policy to value the non-controlling interest at acquisition at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary's identifiable net assets.

Required:

(a)     Calculate the goodwill arising on the purchase of the shares in Staybrite and the carrying value of Allbrite at 1 April 20X4.                                                                                                     (8 marks)
(b)     Prepare a consolidated income statement for the Holdrite Group for the year to 30 September 20X4.                                                                                                                             (15 marks)
(c)     Show the movement on the consolidated retained earnings attributable to Holdrite for the year to 30 September 20X4.                                                                                                   (2 marks)
(Total = 25 marks)
Note. The additional disclosures in IFRS 3 Business combinations relating to a newly acquired subsidiary are not required.
(Adapted ACCA 2.5 Financial Reporting December 2004 Q1)

Question 9
On 1 August 2007 Patronic purchased 18 million of a total of 24 million equity shares in Sardonic. The acquisition was through a share exchange of two shares in Patronic for every three shares in Sardonic. Both companies have shares with a par value of $1 each. The market price of Patronic's shares at 1 August 2007 was $5·75 per share. Patronic will also pay in cash on 31 July 2009 (two years after acquisition) $2·42 per acquired share of Sardonic. Patronic's cost of capital is 10% per annum. The reserves of Sardonic on 1 April 2007 were $69 million.

Patronic has held an investment of 30% of the equity shares in Acerbic for many years.

The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year ended 31 March 2008 are:

The following information is relevant:

(i)      The fair values of the net assets of Sardonic at the date of acquisition were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of property and plant. Property and plant had fair values of $4·1 million and $2·4 million respectively in excess of their carrying amounts. The increase in the fair value of the property would create additional depreciation of $200,000 in the consolidated financial statements in the post acquisition period to 31 March 2008 and the plant had a remaining life of four years (straight-line depreciation) at the date of acquisition of Sardonic. All depreciation is treated as part of cost of sales.

The fair values have not been reflected in Sardonic's financial statements.

No fair value adjustments were required on the acquisition of Acerbic.
(ii)     The finance costs of Patronic do not include the finance cost on the deferred consideration.
(iii)    Prior to its acquisition, Sardonic had been a good customer of Patronic. In the year to 31 March 2008, Patronic sold goods at a selling price of $1·25 million per month to Sardonic both before and after its acquisition. Patronic made a profit of 20% on the cost of these sales. At 31 March 2008 Sardonic still held inventory of $3 million (at cost to Sardonic) of goods purchased in the post acquisition period from Patronic.
(iv)    An impairment test on the goodwill of Sardonic conducted on 31 March 2008 concluded that it should be written down by $2 million. The value of the investment in Acerbic was not impaired.
(v)     All items in the above income statements are deemed to accrue evenly over the year.
(vi)    Ignore deferred tax.
(vii)   It is the group policy to value the non-controlling interest at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary's identifiable net assets.

Required:

(a)     Calculate the goodwill arising on the acquisition of Sardonic at 1 August 2007.
(6 marks)
(b)     Prepare the consolidated income statement for the Patronic Group for the year ended 31 March 2008.

Note. assume that the investment in Acerbic has been accounted for using the equity method since its acquisition.                                                                                                          (15 marks)
(c)     At 31 March 2008 the other equity shares (70%) in Acerbic were owned by many separate investors. Shortly after this date Spekulate (a company unrelated to Patronic) accumulated a 60% interest in Acerbic by buying shares from the other shareholders. In May 2008 a meeting of the board of directors of Acerbic was held at which Patronic lost its seat on Acerbic's board.

Required:

Explain, with reasons, the accounting treatment Patronic should adopt for its investment in Acerbic when it prepares its financial statements for the year ending 31 March 2009.
(4 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
(Adapted ACCA F7 Financial Reporting June 2008 Q1)

Question 10
Hosterling purchased the following equity investments:

On 1 October 20X5: 80% of the issued share capital of Sunlee. The acquisition was through a share exchange of three shares in Hosterling for every five shares in Sunlee. The market price of Hosterling's shares at 1 October 20X5 was $5 per share.

On 1 July 20X6: 6 million shares in Amber paying $3 per share in cash and issuing to Amber's shareholders 6% (actual and effective rate) loan notes on the basis of $100 loan note for every 100 shares acquired.

The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year ended 30 September 20X6 are:

The following information is relevant:
(i)      The other income is a dividend received from Sunlee on 31 March 20X6.
(ii)     The details of Sunlee's and Amber's share capital and reserves at 1 October 20X5 were:

(iii)    A fair value exercise was carried out at the date of acquisition of Sunlee with the following results:

The fair values have not been reflected in Sunlee's financial statements.

Plant depreciation is included in cost of sales.

No fair value adjustments were required on the acquisition of Amber.
(iv)    In the year ended 30 September 20X6 Hosterling sold goods to Sunlee at a selling price of $18 million. Hosterling made a profit of cost plus 25% on these sales. $7.5 million (at cost to Sunlee) of these goods were still in the inventories of Sunlee at 30 September 20X6.
(v)     Impairment tests for both Sunlee and Amber were conducted on 30 September 20X6. They concluded that the goodwill of Sunlee should be written down by $1.6 million and, due to its losses since acquisition, the investment in Amber was worth $21.5 million.
(vi)    All trading profits and losses are deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year.
(vii)   It is group policy to value the non-controlling interest at acquisition at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary's identifiable net assets.

Required:

(a)     Calculate the goodwill arising on the acquisition of Sunlee at 1 October 20X5.
(5 marks)
(b)     Calculate the carrying amount of the investment in Amber at 30 September 20X6 under the equity method prior to the impairment test.                                                                                  (4 marks)
(c)     Prepare the consolidated income statement for the Hosterling Group for the year ended 30 September 20X6.                                                                                                                   (16 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
(Adapted ACCA 2.5 Financial Reporting December 2006 Q1)