Aleksandr Pushkin

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin (1799-1837)

(Russia's major classic, post-Romantic poet and novelist; b. Moscow, part African descent; st. at Tsarkoe Tselo, l. St. Petersburg, Romantic and liberal, banished for blasphemy, famous writer, pardoned by Nicholas I, married socialite Natalia Goncharova, affairs, d. in a duel in Saint Petersburg killed by one of his wife's suitors)

Works

Pushkin, Alexandr. (Memories of Tsarkoe Tselo). c. 1814.
Ruslan and Ludmila. Folk romantic poem. 1920.
Gavriliad. Poem. (Author banished for blasphemy).
Boris Godunov. (Written during Pushkin's banishment).
Boris Godunov. In Pushkin, The Complete Works: Volume Six: Boris Godunov and Other Dramatic Works. Trans. Roger Clarke et al. Downham Market (Norfolk): Milner and Co., c. 2000.
Evgenij Onegin. Verse novel. Written 1823-31, pub. 1825-32. (Written during his banishment).
Evgenij Onegin. Ed. Dmitry Cizevsky. Cambridge (MA): Harvard UP, 1953.
Eugene Onegin. Trans. Walter Arndt. New York: Dutton, 1963. Rev. 1965.
Eugene Onegin. Trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964.
Eugene Onegin. By Aleksandr Pushkin. Trans. with a commentary by Vladimir Nabokov. 4 vols. New York: Bollingen, 1964.
Eugene Onegin. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1975. 1981.
Eugene Onegin: A Novel in Verse. By Aleksandr Pushkin; translated from the Russian, with a commentary, by Vladimir Nabokov. 4 vols. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, [1976].
Eugene Onegin. Trans. Charles Johnston. London: Scolar Press, 1977.
Eugene Onegin. Trans. Charles Johnson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979.
Eugene Onegin. In Pushkin, The Complete Works: Volume Four: Eugene Onegin. Trans. James Falen and Roger Clarke. Downham Market (Norfolk): Milner and Co., c. 2000.
The Stone Guest. Drama.
The Bronze Horseman. Introd. and trans. Robert Powell-Jones. Malton: Stone Trough, c. 2000.
El caballero de bronce.
(Peter the Great's Negro). Historical novel.
The Captain's Daughter. In Pushkin, The Complete Works: Volume Seven: The Captain's Daughter. Trans. Paul Debreczeny. Downham Market (Norfolk): Milner and Co., c. 2000.
La hija del capitán. Novel.
"The Pistol Shot." Story.
"The Queen of Spades." Story.
"Mozart and Salieri." Trans. Vladimir Nabokov.
(Bielkin stories).
(Pikovaia Dama).
"On Man's Duties: An Essay for Silvio Pellico." 1836. In The Critical Prose of Alexander Pushkin. Trans. Carl Proffer. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1969.
(Complete works). 6 vols. Russia: Academia, 1936.
The Tempest.
La ventisca y otros cuentos. Trans. Odile Gommes. Madrid: Edaf, 1967.
Dubrovski. Los relatos de Belkin. Estella: Salvat, 1983.
The Queen of Spades and Other Stories. Trans. Alan Meyers. (World's Classics). Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997.
Rusalka.
The Complete Works: Vol. 3: Lyric Poems, 1826-1836. Various translators. Volume Four: Eugene Onegin. Trans. James Falen and Roger Clarke. Volume Six: Boris Godunov and Other Dramatic Works. Trans. Roger Clarke et al. Volume Seven: The Captain's Daughter. Trans. Paul Debreczeny. Volume Ten: Letters, 1815-1826. Trans. J. Thomas Shaw. Downham Market (Norfolk): Milner and Co., c. 2000.
The Critical Prose of Alexander Pushkin. Trans. Carl Proffer. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1969.
Feinstein, Elaine, ed. After Pushkin: Versions of the Poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Manchester: Carcanet / Folio Society, c. 2000.
Hughes, O. R., RIP Hughes and Gleb Strube, eds. A Century of Russian Prose and Verse from Pushkin to Nabokov. New York: Harcourt, 1967.
Nabokov, Vladimir, trans. Three Russian Poets. Verse translation. Norfolk (CT): New Directions, 1945. Enlarged ed., under the title Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev. London: Lindsay Drummond, 1947.

Criticism

Benítez Burraco, Antonio. Tres ensayos sobre literatura rusa: Pushkin, Gógol y Chéjov. (Acta Salmanticensia; Estudios Filológicos, 313). Salamanca: Ediciones U de Salamanca, 2006. (Pushkin's poetry, The Overcoat, Chekhov's 'small trilogy').
Bethea, David M. Realizing Matters: Alexander Pushkin and "The Life of the Poet." (Wisconsin Center for Pushkin Studies series). U of Wisconsin P, 1998.
Благой, Дмитрий. Мастерство Пушкина. Москва, 1955.
Boyd, Brian. "Nabokov, Pushkin, Shakespeare: Genius, Generosity, and Gratitude in The Gift and Pale Fire." In Boyd, Stalking Nabokov: Selected Essays. New York: Columbia UP, 2011. 203-13.*
Briggs, A. D. P., ed. Alexander Pushkin: A Celebration of Russia's Best-Loved Writer. Hazar, c. 2000.
Chemiakin, Mikhail, and Vladimir Retsepter. The Return of Pushkin's Rusalka. St. Petersburg: Pushkin State Theatre Center, c. 2000.
Clayton, J. Douglas. Alexander Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1985.
Cooke, Brett. Pushkin and the Creative Process. UP of Florida, 1998.
Davydov, Sergej. "Nabokov and Pushkin." In The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov. Ed. Vladimir Alexandrov. New York: Garland, 1995. 482-96.*
Dolack, Tom. "Homo Oneginensis: Pushkin and Evo-Cognitive Approaches to Literature." Style 46.3-4 (2012): 338-54.*
http://www.engl.niu.edu/ojs/index.php/style/article/view/318/252
2013
Dolinin, Alexander. "Eugene Onegin." In The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov. Ed. Vladimir Alexandrov. New York: Garland, 1995. 117-30.*
Garrard, John, ed. The Russian Novel from Pushkin to Pasternak. New Haven: Yale UP, 1983.
Goscilo, Helena. "Multiple Texts in Eugene Onegin: A Preliminary Analysis." Russian Literature Triquarterly 23 (1990): 271-85.
Kagan, Matvei Isaevich. "O puchkinskich poèmakh" ["On Pushkin's Narrative Poems"]. In V mire Pushkina: Svornik statei. Ed. S. Mashinskii. Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel', 1974. 85-119.
Kahn, Andrew. "Trailing Pushkin." Reviews. TLS 10 March 2000: 24.*
Lotman, Iuri M. (Юрий Лотман). "Идейная структура 'Капитанской дочки'." In Пушкинский сборник. Псков, 1962. 3–20.
Lukács, Georg. "Pushkin's Place in World Literature." In Lukács, Writer and Critic. London: Merlin, 1978. 227-56.
Lunacharsky, Anatoly. "Alexander Pushkin." 1922. In Lunacharsky, On Literature and Art. Moscow: Progress, 1965. 93-100.
Malia, Martin. Russia under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum. Cambridge (MA): Harvard UP-Belknap Press, 1999.
Mashinskii, S., ed. V mire Pushkina: Svornik statei. Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel', 1974.
Meyer, Priscilla. "Nabokov's Lolita and Pushkin's Onegin: McAdam, McEve and McFate." In The Achievements of Vladimir Nabokov: Essays, Studies, Reminiscences and Stories. Ed. George Gibian and Stephen Jan Parker. Ithaca: Cornell University Center for International Studies, 1984. 179-212.*
Monnier, A. "Pushkin (1799-1837)." In A History of European Literature. Ed. Annick Benoit-Dusausoy and Guy Fontaine. London: Routledge, 2000. 438-41.*
Nabokov, Vladimir. "Pouchkine, ou le vrai et le vraisemblable." Essay. (French). Nouvelle Revue Française (March 1937): 362-78. Rpt. in Magazine littéraire 233 (1986): 49-54.*
"Pushkin, or the Real and the Plausible." Trans. Dmitri Nabokov. New York Review of Books 31 March 1988.
"Problems of Translation: Onegin in English." Partisan Review (Autumn 1955): 496-512.
"Problems of Translation: Onegin in English." In Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Ed. Rainer Schulte and John Biguenet. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1992. 127-143.
"Problems of Translation: 'Onegin' in English." 1955. In. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 71-83.*
Notes on prosody, and Abram Gannibal; from the Commentary to the author's translation of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. (Bollingen series, 72) Princeton (NJ): Princeton UP, [c1964].
"On Translating Pushkin: Pounding the Clavichord." Rev. of Arndt's translation. New York Review of Books 30 April 1964: 14-16.
"Pounding the Clavichord." In Nabokov, Strong Opinions. New York: Random House-Vintage International, 231-40.*
Letter to Editor. "Nabokov v. Deutsch." New Statesman 22 Jan. 1965.
"Pushkin v. Deutsch." New Statesman 23 April 1965.
"Nabokov's Onegin." Letter to Editor. Encounter (May 1966): 91-92.
"Translation." Letter to Editor. New York Review of Books 20 Jan. 1966.
"Pushkin's English." Letter to Editor. New Statesman 19 Jan. 1968.
Naumann, Marina Turkevich. Nabokov and Pushkin Tuning Fork. Princeton: Princeton University, 1991.
Ortiz, Javier. "The Ironic Narrative in Eugene Onegin and Don Juan." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 24 (1992): 19-32.
Petrovskij, Michail. "Die Morphologie von Pushkins Erzählung 'Der Schuss'." Ed. and trans. Matthias Aumüller. In Russische Proto-Narratologie: Texte in kommentierten Übersetzungen. Ed. Wolf Schmid. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. 67-89.*
Rev. of Eugene Onegin. By A. Pushkin, trans. V. Nabokov. TLS 28 jan. 1965.
Rubás, Stanislav. Já písi vám: Evzen Onegin v Ceskych prekladech. Brno: Host, 2009.
Shapiro, Michael. "Pushkin's Poetic Mentors." In Shapiro, The Sense of Form in Literature and Language. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998. 117-42.*
Shapiro, Michael, and Marianne Shapiro. "Pushkin's Poetic Mentors." In The Sense of Form in Literature and Language. 2nd ed. by Michael and Marianne Shapiro. California: Scotts Valley, 2009. 223-58.*
Shklovski, Viktor. Ocherki po poetike Pushkina. Berlin, 1923.
"Eugenio Oniegin: Pushkin y Sterne." In Antología del formalismo ruso y el grupo de Bajtin. Ed. Emil Volek. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1992. 187-90.
Tammi, Pekka. "Nabokov's Symbolic Cards and Pushkin's 'The Queen of Spades'." The Nabokovian 13 (1984): 31-32.
Tynianov, Iuri (Iouri Tynianov). "Les archaïstes et Pouchkine." In Tynianov, Formalisme et histoire littéraire. Ed. and trans. Catherine Depretto-Genty. Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme, 1991. 42-181.*
Simmons, Ernest. Rev. of Eugene Onegin. By A. Pushkin, trans. V. Nabokov. New York Times Book Review 28 June 1964.
Ulicny, Miloslav. Rev. of Já písi vám: Evzen Onegin v Ceskych prekladech. By Stanislav Rubás. Hermeneus 12 (2010): 281-83.*
Wilson, Edmund. "In Honour of Pushkin." 1937. In Wilson, The Triple Thinkers. London: Lehmann, 1952. 37-63.*
Rev. of Eugene Onegin. By A. Pushkin. Trans. V. Nabokov. New York Review 26 August 1965.
Rev. of Eugene Onegin. Rev. version in Wilson, A Window on Russia. New York: Farrar, 1972.
Zhirmunski, Viktor. "Byron y Pushkin: El concepto de influencia literaria." In Antología del formalismo ruso y el grupo de Bajtin. Ed. Emil Volek. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1992. 191-204.*
Wain, John. Rev. of Eugene Onegin. By A. Pushkin, trans. V. Nabokov. Listener 29 April 1965.

Literature

Nabokov. "On Translating 'Eugene Onegin'." In Nabokov, Poems and Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970. 175.

Music

Djargomijski. Rusalka. Opera.
Shostakovich, Dmitri. Three Romances on Poems by Pushkin op. 46a. In Shostakovich, The Orchestral Songs, Vol. 1. Sergei Leiferkus. Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra / Neeme Järvi. CD. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon, 1994.* ("Regeneration"; "A Jealous Maiden"; "Premonition").
Tavener, John. Diódia. The World. Akhmatova Songs. Many Years. Patricia Rozario. The Vanbrugh Quartet. CD. London: Hyperion, 2001.* (Akhmatova Songs: "Dante," "Pushkin and Lermontov," "Boris Pasternak," "Couplet," "The Muse," "Death").
Tchaikovski, Piotr Ilich Eugene Onegin. Opera in three acts. Libretto by Tchaikovski, based on the poem by Aleksandr Pushkin. 1877-78.
Eugene Onegin: Arias and Scenes. Weikl, Kubiak, Burrows, Hamari, Ghiaurov. John Alldis Choir; Orchestra or the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden / Sir Georg Solti. Prod. Decca, 1975. CD. (La Gran Opera). Madrid: Decca / Club Internacional del Libro, 1999.*
Pikovaya Dama. Opera in three acts. Libretto by Modest Tchaikovsky, after Pushkin. Written 1890.
Pique Dame: The Queen of Spades. Vladimir Atlantov, Mirella Freni, Sergei Leiferkus, Maureen Forrester, Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Katherine Ciesinski, Dominique Labelle, Janis Taylor, Ernesto Gavazzi, Julian Rodescu, Richard Clement, Dennis Petersen, Jorge Chaminé. Tanglewood Festival Chorus (John Oliver). American Boychoir. Boston Symphony Orchestra / Seiji Ozawa. Prod. Jay David Saks. Rec. 1991. 3 CDs, with libretto in Russian (translit. Martin Cooper 1977), English (trans. Martin Cooper, 1977), German (trans. Dr. Detlef Gojowy, 1977) and French (André Lischke, 1977). Notes by Steven Ledbetter. (RCA Victor Red Seal). BMG Ariola, 1992.*

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Pushkin's Life

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin
Born May 26, 1799 (old style) in Moscow (explain Russian dates)
Family on father's side had been noble for more than 600 years but was now poor.
Great-grandfather on mother's side was an African, brought to Russia as a child, who served Peter the great and had a distinguished military career
Pushkin was proud of both families; he felt that Russia's ancient noble families were not accorded the respect they deserved.
Was taught by (mostly French) governesses
"[C]hief source his early education" (Shaw 660) was father's library of 17th and 18th century classics.
Pushkin's father, although he was never close to Pushkin, was himself a writer and he inculcated in Pushkin an early love of literature and desire to be a writer
In 1811 Pushkin was selected to be among the first 30 students at the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum established by Alexander I to educate noblemen's sons for important positions.
Pushkin thus received the best education available at the time in Russia.
He had by this age already determined that he would become a writer
He appeared in print for the first time (with a poem) in 1814 (satyrical poem, “To my friend the rhymist/versemaker”)
1817 graduates, receives a position in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs
The job did not prevent him from leading at that time the generally dissipated life
1817-20 writes liberal verse; works on Ruslan and Liudmilla, first large-scale work
The publication of Ruslan and Liudmilla raised Pushkin to the status of the best Russian writer
Having expressed liberal political views in some poems that came to the attention of the Tsar', he is dispatched to the Caucasus, ostensibly a transfer; his views become more radical
He travels in the south, spends nearly three years in Kishinèv (Moldova) where he writes southern works
At the very beginning of his southern period he was ill and was granted a three-month leave to recuperate
He traveled, saw the scenery of the south which deeply affected him, and began reading Byron
This period in Pushkin's life is often referred to as his "Byronic" period.
Pushkin begins writing his novel in verse, Evgenii Onegin, in 1823, two months before leaving Kishinèv
1823 he is transferred to Odessa
Pushkin quarrels with governor-general
Pushkin writes a letter sympathetic to atheism which is read by the governor-general's censors, and is banished to mother's estate, Mikhailovskoe, in northern Russia
Under police surveillance, he continues to write, 1824-26; continues work on his long poems, and Onegin
Pushkin is still in exile during the Decembrist revolt, but is implicated
He was a sympathizer, a friend of many Decembrists, and would have participated, although, for various (possible) reasons, he was not a member of the secret societies which actually organized the revolts.
The biographer T. J. Binyon, citing correspondence, claims he was a habitual talker, especially when drunk, and his friends in the societies carefully avoided telling him anything about the revolt.
At this point Pushkin wants to be freed from exile, writes to and is granted an audience with Nikolai I, who agrees to act as personal censor
This event finds a parallel in 20th century Russian literature: Solzhenitsyn's novel A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, is said to have been read and approved for publication by the Soviet leader Khrushchev
Pushkin is optimistic, but censorship turns out to be rigid, and Pushkin's personal connection to the court turned out to be a negative phenomenon (as we shall see in a moment). He is, however, freed from exile
1826-31 searches for a wife, as a way out of his increasing depression over restrictions on his personal liberty, and because he thinks the time is appropriate
1829 he meets Natalia Goncharova; he proposes, is given a vague answer and, distraught, goes to Turkey to visit unofficially the his brother, who is serving in the Russian army at the front during the Russo-Turkish war
This is Pushkin's only time outside the Russian empire.
The visit is permitted by the authorities but casts further suspicion on Pushkin
1830 his proposal to Goncharova is accepted.
1830 goes to his father's estate at Boldino on business (to mortgage serfs to acquire money for the wedding and marriage), is detained there three months because of a cholera epidemic elsewhere in Russia; these are considered the most productive three months of his life; he writes The Tales of Belkin, verse tale The Little House in Kolomna, the Little Tragedies, the final chapters of Onegin (on which he had been working progressively), and many lyrics.
Feb. 18, 1831 he marries Goncharova; they move to Petersburg where she makes a great social success
Pushkin begins his work in the historical archives, studies the Pugachev rebellion (1773-75)
Dec. 1833 Pushkin is made a Kammerjunker, normally a court positon for a much younger man (Pushkin was then 34), in all probability so that he could attend court balls with his wife, whom Nikolai I admired (or so Pushkin thought); Pushkin is deeply offended
Pushkin also suffers severe financial problems at this time (as he often did throughout his life)
1835 he becomes editor of the literary quarterly Sovremennik [The Contemporary], which has financial and censorial problems
Meanwhile, 1n 1834, Mrs. Pushkin meets George d'Anthès, a French Royalist émigré serving in Russia and the adopted son of the Dutch ambassador.
D'anthes pursues her for two years
A letter of obscure origin, calling Pushkin a cuckold and in general ridiculing him, is circulated among Pushkin's friends
Pushkin, believing d'Anthes to be involved, challenges him.
d'Anthes, avoids the duel by marrying Goncharova's sister Ekaterina
In society d'Anthès pursues Pushkin's wife even more openly
Finally Pushkin publicly insults d'Anthès, making a duel inevitable; on Jan. 27, 1837 Pushkin is mortally wounded and dies two days later.
Controversy still surrounds (and will probably always surround) the duel; some even accused Nikolai of supporting d'Anthes for the purpose of eliminating Pushkin
Pushkin was sufficiently popular that the authorities feared public reaction, and kept secret the details of his funeral
In consequence only some government officials attended -- a terrific irony in light of the fact that these same officials persecuted Pushkin and supported his wife's lover.

Pushkin's works
Pushkin wrote in all of the basic poetic genres of the day, the greatest prose of the day
Long narrative poems
A verse novel: Evgenii Onegin (1823-31) – adapted into an opera by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, a ballet (with music also by Tchaikovsky, but not from the opera), and a number of films.
Lyrics (probably his greatest genre)
Dramas: Boris Godunov (1824-5) – adapted into an opera by Modest Mussorgsky – and the four Little Tragedies (1830)
Verse fairy tales (made into films, live-action and animated)
Prose fiction: The Tales of Belkin, The Captain's Daughter
Pushkin was immensely popular even in his own day, although his popularity began to wane, and his writing to be considered somewhat old-fashioned, in the 1830s
Pushkin continues to be popular today, his works are still adapted for the screen and stage, inspire artists, and his tales have acquired the status of “folk” tales.

Title	Based on	Composer	Premiere
Aleko	Gypsies Цыганы narrative poem	Rachmaninoff	1893
Boris Godunov	Boris Godunov Борис Годунов play in verse	Mussorgsky	1874
The Captain's Daughter	The Captain's Daughter Капитанская дочка novel	Cesar Cui	1911
Dubrovsky	Dubrovsky Дубровский novel	Eduard Nápravník (libretto by Tchaikovsky's brother)	1895
Eugene Onegin	Eugene Onegin Евге́ний Оне́гин novel in verse	Tchaikovsky	1879
Feast in Time of Plague	Feast in Time of Plague Пир во время чумы drama	Cesar Cui	1901
The Golden Cockerel	The Golden Cockerel Сказка о золотом петушке tale	Rimsky-Korsakov	1909
Mazepa (Mazeppa)	Poltava Полтава poem	Tchaikovsky	1884
The Miserly (Covetous) Knight	The Miserly (Covetous) Knight Скупой рыцарь drama	Rachmaninoff	1906
Mozart and Salieri	Mozart and Salieri Моцарт и Сальери drama	Rimsky-Korsakov	1898
Pique Dame (The Queen of Spades) operetta	The Queen of Spades Пиковая дама short story (loosely based)	Franz von Suppé Austrian composer	1864
Prisoner of the Caucasus	The Prisoner of the Caucasus Кавказский пленник poem	Cesar Cui	1883
The Queen of Spades	The Queen of Spades Пиковая дама short story	Tchaikovsky	1890
Rusalka	Rusalka Русалка unfinished poem	Dargomyzhsky	1856
Ruslan and Lyudmila	Ruslan and Lyudmila Руслан и Людмила poem	Glinka	1842
The Stone Guest	The Stone Guest	Dargomyzhsky	1872/1907
The Tale of Tsar Saltan	The Tale of Tsar Saltan Сказка о царе Салтане tale	Rimsky-Korsakov	1900

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Aleksandr Pushkin

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