Geoffrey Chaucer

An Introduction to Chaucer
Chaucer’s Biography
Geoffrey Chaucer was born sometime in the early 1340s, the son of John Chaucer, a vintner (wine-merchant), in London. Although no records of his education survive, he may well have been a pupil at the almonry school of St Paul’s Cathedral. In 1357 Chaucer became a page to Elizabeth de Burgh, the wife of Lionel, Duke of Clarence. He later joined the army and fought against the French, was captured and then ransomed (the king paid £16 towards the ransom money).
In 1366 Chaucer married Philippa de Roet, and by 1367 he was a member of the Royal Household, in the position of valettus or esquier. This was not a personal servant, but someone who was expected to make himself useful on the king’s business, which might include performing military service, acting as a messenger, or travelling overseas.
In 1374 he was appointed controller of customs and subsidy on wool, sheepskins and leather in the port of London. This was an extremely important post and involved a great deal of financial responsibility. By the 1380s Chaucer and his family were living in Kent, and in 1389 he was appointed clerk of the king’s works, responsible for the construction and repair of ten royal residences, including Tower of London. In 1391 he took a new job, as deputy forester of the royal forest at North Petherton, Somerset.
Chaucer leased a house near Westminster Abbey in 1399, and appears to have died in the following year. His tomb in Westminster Abbey gives the date of death as 25 October 1400, although we cannot be sure if this is correct.
Chaucer’s Writings
Chaucer wrote a vast amount of poetry during his lifetime. As well as The Canterbury Tales, his poems include Troilus and Criseyde, a love-story set during the siege of Troy, The Legend of Good Women, a series of stories about women who have been badly treated by men, and three long ‘dream poems’ - The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame and The Parliament of Fowls. He also wrote many shorter poems, translated works from Latin and French into English, and wrote a scientific instruction manual for his son (A Treatise on the Astrolabe).
When Chaucer was writing, printing had not been invented and so all books had to be written out by hand in manuscripts, like the picture above. This was a long and tedious process, usually carried out by trained writers known as scribes. It was also very expensive to produce books in this way, especially if pictures were included, as they had to be drawn and painted in individually. However, it is obvious that Chaucer’s work was very popular; for example, there are still over 80 manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales in existence.
When printing was invented, The Canterbury Tales was among the first books to be printed in England. It was first published by a man called Richard Pynson in 1492 (the same year that Christopher Columbus discovered America).
What is so special about Chaucer’s poetry?
Geoffrey Chaucer’s work had an enormous impact on the English language - for several reasons. First, he chose to write his poetry in English, at a time when many writers were still unsure whether English was suitable for this purpose - either because they thought English was only fit for ‘ordinary’ people, or because they thought English words were not as expressive as French or Latin. Second, Chaucer wrote a huge amount of poetry - something like 43,000 lines - as well as two major works in prose. Not only did he write a great deal, but the range of styles he used, and the subject-matter he covered, were without precedent in English. Because of this, scholars often refer to Chaucer as ‘the father of English poetry’.
Chaucer also used the English language in new and sophisticated ways. He often ‘borrowed’ words from French or Latin in order to extend the vocabulary available to him, making it possible to write with great subtlety and linguistic variety. Many of these ‘borrowed’ or ‘loan’ words have become a standard part of the English language as we know it today - words such as authority, constable, miracle, captain, appetite, gravy, button, conversation, calendar, porch, power, reason, horrible and sudden (from French) and homicide, legitimate, contradiction, comet, history, recipe, scripture, exclude and popular (from Latin). So Chaucer also helped to make the entire English language much more varied and expressive than it had been before.