The American Renaissance

What is it? 

• Term F.O. Matthiessen gave to the flowering of American literature, 1830s-1865, and especially 1850-1855 in his 1941 book
• Excitement over human possibilities, high regard for ego, what it meant to be American

Matthiessen’s Book:

• Laid out the five writers he saw as the center of the American Renaissance: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman
• Wonders what brought about such an amazing output over these five years (Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables, Walden, Moby Dick, Leaves of Grass)
• “The one common denominator of my five writers, uniting even Hawthorne and Whitman, was their devotion to the possibilities of democracy” (ix). 
• “Emerson’s theory of expansion was that on which Thoreau built, to which Whitman gave extension, and to which Hawthorne and Melville were indebted by being forced to react against its philosophical assumptions” (xii).
• What does Matthiessen assume?  What does he leave out?  Who does he leave out?
• Treats them as exceptions—as inherently against the grain
• Leaves out women, minorities, many popular male writers
• Doesn’t consider them in context of their history, larger social issues 

Scene Setting:

• 1837: Emerson delivers “The American Scholar” for the Phi Beta Kappa oration at Harvard
• Thoreau was part of the graduating class
• People have pointed to it as a tremendously important event, and it was, but at the time, most people didn’t notice
• “Misty, dreamy, unintelligible” and “not very good and very transcendental” (qtd. in Lauter 1389)
• Nevertheless, it came just as a cultural wave was gaining strength, so it can serve as a touchstone
• Also the year that saw the birth of the Transcendental Club
• 1835: Harriet Jacobs begins her seven-year period of hiding in her grandmother’s garret
• 1836: Oliver Wendell Holmes Poems
• 1836: Longfellow returns from England and begins work at Harvard; would help establish important ideas about American culture and literature
• 1836: Texas declares its independence and affirms a pro-slavery constitution 
• 1836: Angelina Grimke’s Appeal to the Christian Women of the South
• 1836: John Greenleaf Whittier’s Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question
• 1836: Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
• 1836: Sarah Hale takes over what would become Godey’s Lady’s Book
• 1837: Elijah Lovejoy murdered and his abolitionist press destroyed
• 1837: Founding of Oberlin College, first co-educational institution and first college to admit blacks
• 1837: Panic of 1837: Uncertainty about economy (lasted for about seven years)
• 1838: Hawthorne’s Twice Told Tales
• 1838: Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery
• Important to see all of these events happening together, influencing each other, setting up what would occur in 1850s, etc.

America and the Literary Marketplace after 1820:

• “The American romantic period was the era of the marketplace” (Gilmore 1) 
• Literature seen as a commodity: “Publishing had become an industry, and the writer a producer of commodities for the literary marketplace” (Gilmore 3-4)
• Improvements in manufacture, distribution, and promotion helped to create a national audience for letters
• “The gentlemanly author who wrote for a like-minded group of equals gave way to the professional who depended for a livelihood on sales of his books to an impersonal public” (Gilmore 1)
• After 1820 “sweeping changes occurred in the production, circulation, and status of literature” (Gilmore 1)
• Technological advances and better transportation made book production and sales cheaper, faster, and easier
• Better education and a larger population meant the audience for literature was not only one more truly national but also substantially increased in size 
• By 1850, when over 90 percent of adult whites could read and write, the United States boasted the largest literate public in history (Gilmore 1) 
• The new publishing firms took charge of all details of the business, and authors lost most of their earlier control over publication. 
• But authors also gained from these developments: “the appearance of a mass readership meant that publishers could realistically expect to make a profit on books written by Americans” (Gilmore 1) 
• “From 1820 to 1830 Americans published 109 fictional works by their countrymen; in the 1840s this number jumped to almost a thousand” (Gilmore 1) 
• Emerson in “The Poet”: “Not metres, but a metre-making argument that makes a poem—a thought so passionate and alive that like the spirit of a plant or an animal it has an architecture of its own, and adorns nature with a new thing”
• Belief that literature/art should do something; not “art for art’s sake”
• Lyceums: combined entertainment and education
• 1826: First founded in America
• 1835: Lyceums in 15 states
• 1860: Over 3000 in the US (Lauter 1393)
• Topics ranged from science to national expansion to women’s rights to abolition to temperance
• Provided financial support for writers who spoke at them

Religion

• By the 1830s, roughly ¾ of Americans had some sort of a relationship with a church (almost always Protestant)
• No one church would ever be dominant
• Yet Protestantism provided a common culture: set of images, vocabulary, etc.
• Many churches were marked by a millennial component and a belief that closely connected the coming of God’s kingdom with the political future of the United States

Economics and Westward Expansion

• At beginning the period, most people live in the East; start moving towards “West” as period goes on
• Louisiana Purchase in 1803
• Mexican American War (1846-48)
• Deeply divided the country
• California Gold Rush (1848)
• Homestead Act (1862) gave a 160 acres of undeveloped land in the American West to any family head or person who was at least 21 years of age, provided he lived on it for five years and built a house of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet, or allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per acre ($0.48/km²) after six months.
• Transportation is improving, too – trains, steamships, canals and better roads.  Makes the country seem smaller.
• 1869 – Transcontinental Railroad completed
• Generally, people have more money to buy more things
• Economy is also shifting from agricultural to industrial.  (Slow shift). 
• Brings on challenges of industrialism
• Economic challenges/disparities
• Urbanization
• Beginning of labor movement

Slavery:
1851: Fugitive Slave Law
1857: Dred Scott
1859: John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

Women’s Rights and Female Authorship:

• Linked to abolition movement
• As production moves outside of home, many middle class women have more time for leisure and, at the same time, feel they have less opportunity to have an impact on society (compared to their revolutionary mothers and grandmothers)
• Are looking for ways to find a voice
• 1848: Seneca Falls Convention
• No one voice of “feminism”: Compare Catherine Beecher (who glorified domestic duties) with Margaret Fuller (who argued for completely equal opportunities)
• “…the position of women writers in the mid-nineteenth century—say, from the 1840s to the 1880s—was paradoxical: they had a place in the literary world, yet that world often rendered them invisible” (Coultrap-McQuin 7). 
• “woman authors were very popular and prominent in the nineteenth century, particularly during and after the 1850s. Statistics clearly reveal their increasing visibility as the nineteenth century passed.  Before 1830 about one-third of those who published fiction in the United States were women. During the antebellum years, almost 40 percent of the novels reviewed in journals and newspapers were by women, which suggests that an equally high percentage were being published.  Best-seller lists reveal that by the 1850s women were authors of almost half of the popular literary works….By 1872 women wrote nearly three-quarters of all the novels published” (Coultrap-McQuin 2).
• Yet women were left out of official literary accounts and subsequent literary histories (Atlantic dinner, Washington Irving painting, F. O. Matthiessen’s book)

Works Cited
Coultrap-McQuin, Susan. Doing Literary Business: American Women Writers in the Nineteenth Century.  Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1990.
Gilmore, Michael T.  American Romanticism and the Literary Marketplace.  Chicago: UP of Chicago, 1985.
Lauter, Paul, Editor.  The Heath Anthology of American Literature: Volume A.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006.