Washington Irving

(1783-1859)

• First American to achieve an international literary reputation
• Born in NYC on April 3, 1783
• Youngest of 11 children
• Named after George Washington
• First work published at 19; a collection of satirical essays printed in his brother’s newspaper
• Showed signs of tuberculosis in 1804; traveled to Europe for 2 years
• Began studying law under Judge Josiah Hoffman; After the death of fiancé Matilda – Judge Hoffman’s daughter – he gives up on becoming a lawyer
• Started the satirical magazine Salmagundi with his brother William and a brother-in-law
• 1809: Publishes A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty
• A satirical history mocking another published traveler’s guide
• Targeted numerous political and social figures, including Pres. Jackson as Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam, “William the Testy”
• Writing credit given to the fictional Diedrich Knickerbocker, who later became one of Irving’s most famous narrative voices
• Launched the book with a fictional “search” for the “missing” Knickerbocker as covered by local newspapers
• Made a colonel in the New York State Militia during the War of 1812; worked as editor of a magazine, sometimes publishing his own biographical sketches of American naval officers
• While traveling in Europe he met Sir Walter Scott, the most popular European author of the era, who encouraged him to look to European folklore for his inspiration
• Worked for his family’s business for a time; finally decided to try to live as an author
• 1817: Publishes The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819-1820)
• Written under the new pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon
• Includes the short stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” based on German folktales
• Became an international success and was credited with being the FIRST true example of American literature
• Created the archetypal figure of the “successful failure” in Rip Van Winkle, a character in whom many modern characters would find their roots
• Sarcastic wit – making fun of the past while benefiting from its success – is a mainstay in American culture
• 1st literature to make readers aware of the beauty of the American landscape
• Generous to up-and-coming writers; supervised the printing of Bryant’s poems in London
• Appointed minister to Spain in 1842
• Spent the remainder of his life working on an extensive, five volume biography of George Washington
• Died just after finishing the final volume in November 1859

** SATIRE: A type of writing that mocks the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about change

Source: http://www.home.elida.k12.oh.us/userfiles/77/Classes/12904/Washington%20Irving.doc

Web site to visit: http://www.home.elida.k12.oh.us

Author of the text: indicated on the source document of the above text

(1783-1859) 76

• 1st
o American professional writer
 (to be able to make a living off of writing)
o American 19thC writer to achieve international literary reputation
o to have international copyright of all his works
 (leads back to 1st 1st)
• one of the “fathers of the modern short story”
• “American”
o part of growing American literature
o national literature
o separate from Britain
•
• New York City (4-3-83)
• last of 11 children
• father - Scottish
• mother - English
• brother, Peter, owned newspaper Morning Chronicle
o 1802-03 (19)
o published his 1st work
 satirical essays
 on New City life
 on theater
o pseudonym: Jonathan Oldstyle
 (Ben Franklin)
• 1804-06:
o signs of TB  sent to Europe
o 2-yr.s tour
• 1806:
o returned to America
o studied law (under Judge Josiah Hoffman)
o admitted to bar
• 1807-08: started satirical magazine:
o Salmagundi (a spicy hash – chopped meat, veget.)
o William, brother
o James Kirk Paulding, William’s brother-in-law
o poems, essays, sketches
• 1809:
o A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty
o pseudonym = Diedrich Knickerbocker, Gent.
o started as a spoof of SL Mitchell’s The Picture of New York (1807)
o then turning to a variety of satirical targets
o even President Thomas Jefferson as William the Testy, governor of New-Amsterdam
o success  Irving’s 1st literary celebrity
• 1809:
o Matilda Hoffman, fiancée, daughter of Judge Hoffman, died suddenly of consumption
o  lifelong bachelor
o freed him of becoming lawyer (hated the law)
• 1812:
o War of 1812
o editor of Analectic Magazine
o rehash from British periodicals
o Irving’s original work
 series of patriotic biographical sketches of American naval heroes
o made colonel in New York State militia
• 1815-32:
o moved to Europe
o for 17 years
o Liverpool, w/Peter, importer of English hardware
o mother died
o  freed from the family business
o  writing
 Sir Walter Scott
• admired his History of New York
• turned Irving on to German folktales
 The Sketch Book
• 1819-20
• pseudonym (for some) = Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
• published serially in America
• published 2-vol. set in Britain
• fame in both countries
o seen as “British” (Neo-Classical)
o accuracy, purity of diction
o elegant, polished
• @ British scenes & characters, British country life, Westminster Abbey
• w/”Rip Van Winkle” & “Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
o both set in New York
• 1822: Bracebridge Hall
• 1824: Tales of a Traveler
o neither = successful
• 1824: Spain
o works w/minister to Spain
o on original manuscripts in Madrid
o 1828: Life & Voyages of Christopher Columbus
o 1829: Conquest of Granada
o 1831: Voyages & Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus
o 1832: The Alhambra (The Spanish Sketch Book)
• 1829: back to Britain
o secretary to American legation in London
• 1832: back to America
o travels (horseback) Oklahoma, later
o writes travelogues – to prove he = American writer
o 1835: Tour of the Prairies
o 1836: Astoria (JJ Astor’s fur-trading in Oregon)
o 1837: The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, USA (explorations of the Rockies & Far West)
• 1842-46:
o Minister to Spain
• 1846:
o collection of his works (greatest hits)
• 1850-59:
o 5-volume biography of George Washington
o collapsed shortly after finishing
o dead few months later
o November 28, 1859
• Genres:
o satirical essays (humorist)
o travel sketches
o short story
o biography (G. Washington)
• adept imitator
o paraphrased German folktales
• Influences:
o brothers – wrote spoofs of literature read
o Joseph Addison & his Spectator newspapers
o Shakespeare
o Sir Walter Scott (befriended in Britain, German folktales)
o Oliver Goldsmith (She Stoops to Conquer play, Vicar of Wakefield novel)
o Laurence Sterne (Tristram Shandy)
• Tone vs. Theme:
o tone = light, comical, genial
o themes = dark
 historical transformation
 personal dislocation
• (Ben Franklin, esp. “Polly Baker”)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294888/Washington-Irving

The AUTHOR’S ACCOUNT of HIMSELF

• 1819
• w/Sketch Book, serial – May 1819 installment
• relates his wanderlust
o as a boy, young man, now
o “new scenes” & “strange characters”
o “rambles” & “rambling propensity”
o history, fables, murders, robberies
o terra incognita
o “how vast a globe I inherited”
• “books of voyages & travels” infect him, strengthen rambling propensity
o  power of Literature (imagination, grown-up goals)
o  influence of Spanish colonists’ writings 400 years before
• AMERICA vs. EUROPE:
o America - natural beauty
 no other country has “the charms of nature”
 lakes, mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, forests, …
 “never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime & beautiful of natural scenery”
 “full of youthful promise”
 BUT 
o Europe – artistic beauty, fabled & long history, culture
 even their “ruins” = exciting
• “Europe was rich in the accumulated treasure of age.”
• “in the footsteps of antiquity”
• “scenes of renowned achievement”
 “to escape, in short, from the commonplace realities of the present, & lose myself among the shadowy grandeurs of the past.”
• (is Irving being sarcastic here???)
• (saying America = fresh, natural & Europe = dead, decaying)
• (see below) 
o “the great men of the earth”
o America has some
o BUT as European philosophers note, animals & men degenerate in America (?!)
 (BUT Irving seems to be sarcastic here
 noting he’d met people from Europe in America
 who were “very little people in their own country”)
• fears his sketches will miss the great by focusing on the ordinary
o (BUT again Irving seems to be sarcastic
o as his true focus is to capture the “real” Europe & not the tourist attractions)

RIP VAN WINKLE
• 1819
• published in The Sketch Book
o sketches of British scenes & characters
o though “RVW” & “Sleepy Hollow” = set in New York
• source = JCCN Otmar’s “Peter Klaus” (1800)
o found in trove from Sir Walter Scott
o http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/60831/
• “preface” =
o fictional preface (sets TONE)
o sets up story as from the late Diedrich Knickerbocker
o whose false History of New York proved to be accurate
 TONE = ironic, tongue-in-cheek
o no “research”
 not in books
 but in talking to people – esp. women
• (“old wives’ tales”)
• “rich in legendary lore, so invaluable to true history”
o TONE = ironic, tongue-in-cheek
o DK remembered fondly, errors forgiven
 “immortality” = image put on biscuit bakers
• TONE = ironic, tongue-in-cheek
• story
o prefatory quote from Wm. Cartwright (17th C English playwright)
o @ truth
o oath to Odin, promising to keep truth until death
 sets up “mock-epic” feel
 of Dutch history
• DUTCH:
o New York was New Amsterdam
o quote from Cartwright @ Odin, Norse god
o references to last Dutch governor & battle of Fort Christina
o last name: Van Winkle
• Van Winkle family:
o Rip, Dame Van Winkle
o Rip, Jr. & Judith
o Wolf the dog
• Catskills (“Kaatskill”) mts.
o “dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family”
 THEME: dislocation
 separation from the rest
 foreshadows what will happen to RVW
• “change” x5
o THEME: change, mutability
o quick changes in the weather, seasons, colors of sky
• changes in sky = signals, “perfect barometers”
• peak = lit up like a crown
• village = at the foot of Catskills
o founded by DUTCH colonists
o Peter Stuyvesant (last governor of Dutch New Amersterdam)
• now = colony under Britain
• RVW
o house = time worn, weather beaten
o family heritage = fought gallantly at Fort Christina (1655)
 THEME: fallen house
 deteriorating through history
• RIP:
o Rip inherited the name but not the “martial character of his ancestors”
o simple, good-natured, kind neighbor, obedient
o henpecked: torment through continual nagging & faultfinding
 “curtain lecture” wife’s refusal to have sex
o  meekness of spirit, pliant & malleable
 THEME: marriage = (-)
 esp. for the man
• RIP’s reputation in town:
o other wives loved him, he helped them
 gossipings, lay all the blame on Dame VW
o children flocked to him, he played w/them
 Rip = man-child, ghost stories (ghosts, witches, Indians)
o both at the expense of his own family
• Rip’s “great error”:
o aversion to doing any kind of profitable labor
o hard work
 works for everyone else
 BUT what he’s supposed to
 other husbands = “less obliging” to what Rip does for them
 BUT they’re not obliging b/c they’re busy doing the hard stuff
 “Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but to doing family duty, & keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.”
 “would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound”
 “would have whistled his life away, in perfect contentment”
• FARM:
o “most pestilent little piece of ground”
o fences falling over
o weeds, cow runs away or eats cabbages
o “had dwindled under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more than a mere patch of Indian corn & potatoes, yet it was the worst conditioned farm in the neighborhood.”
 THEME: deterioration, through ages/generations
 (like fallen house)
• children:
o Rip Jr: looked like, dressed like (hand-me-downs), acted like
o chip off the ol’ block
• wife:
o continual dinning
o “morning, noon, & night her tongue was incessantly going”
o “household eloquent”
o “the ever-during & all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue”
• Rip’s reaction:
o shrug his shoulders
o shake his head
o cast his eyes to the sky
o BUT say nothing
• ESCAPE:
o “the outside of the house – the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.”
o ramble w/the dog
o hang out at the tavern
• WOLF
o the dog, his best friend, constant companion
o as henpecked as Rip
o “fellow sufferer of persecution”
o Wolf’s reaction:
 crest fall, tail droop or curl between legs, casting sidelong glance
 fear of broom or ladle
• “a tart temper never mellows w/age”
• “a sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener by constant use”
• tavern:
o sages & philosophers
o red painting of George 3
o stories @ nothing (Seinfeld)
o Derrick van Bummel: schoolmaster, reads aloud newspaper
o Nick Vedder: landlord of the inn, “patriarch of the village,” sat quietly smoking pipe
 movements = sundial (like colors of sky on Catskills)
 Entourage
• SARCASM  TONE
• Dame VW nagged Rip at the tavern, too
•  to the woods
• AUTUMN
o “In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day”
• highest point of Catskills
• squirrel shooting (his favorite sport)
• overlooking the village
• “lordly Hudson” to one side
• “deep mountain glen”
o light & dark
• fears going home & “encountering the terrors of Dame VW”
• just as he= about to descend …. “Hello Rip!”
o stranger struggling to carrying keg up the deep mt. glen
o  Rip = quick to help
• description
o stranger = “antique Dutch fashion” & long beard
• higher & higher (walking in silence)
o louder peels of thunder
o ravine (cleft in the rocks)
o hollow, like an amphitheater
 others, dressed same
 bowling (9 pins)
• the UNKNOWN:
o walking in silence
o “there was something strange & incomprehensible about the unknown, that inspired awe, & checked familiarity” [no talking]
 part ghost story
o “new objects of wonder”
• Description:
o strangers playing bowling
o serious, stern –
 “gravest faces” – “most mysterious silence” – “the most melancholy party of pleasure”
 WHY (never answered – mystery)
• fear  drinks  drunk  passes out
• SLEEP
o *no break – creates illusion of overnight, of no passing time*
• wakes up back at the green knoll overlooking the valley
o 1st worry = Dame VW
• HINTS:
o gun = rusted
o dog = gone (thinks midgets stole gun & dog)
o stiff joints
o gully path = now a foaming stream (as he tries to retrace his steps to find those little buggers who stole his gun & dog)
o overgrown
o no ravine – opening is closed
o waterfall
o starving
o met people in town unrecognized (as he returned into town)
o fashion = changed
o they looked at him strangely – foot-long beard
o strange kids follow him (mocking this time – mirror)
o dogs bark at him (mirror)
o village = different (his old haunts = gone)
o his house = decayed, shattered windows, unhinged doors
o Wolf = starving, snarls at him
o tavern = gone, too, replaced
o pollster’s “Babylonian jargon”
o
• “STRANGE” – repeated as “change” was at start
o felt “bewitched” – both he & the world
o blames it on the booze
• tavern = replaced by bar
o Doolittle
 (sarcasm of names – Do Little – laziness, sloth)
 English replaces Dutch
o tree = replaced by flagpole w/ American flag
o King G. painting (red) = replaced by G. Washington portrait (blue)
• AMERICAN RAT RACE:
o “There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none that Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquility. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco-smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens—elections—members of congress—liberty—Bunker’s Hill—heroes of seventy-six—and other words, which were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.”
o War of Independence:
 rights
 citizens (not colonists)
 congress
 liberty
 Bunker Hill
 Heroes of 1776
o “tavern politicians”
 drunken angry yelling boozers
• ELECTION DAY:
o Federalist (John Hamilton) vs. Democratic (Thomas Jefferson)
• Rip = seen as a threat
o crazy old guy
o w/long beard
o carrying a gun
o on election day
o a “Tory & spy” b/c “loyal subject of the King, God bless him”
• Nick Vedder = dead 18 years – even his tombstone = rotted away
• Brom Dutcher = died in war
• Van Brummel = war, Congressman
• son = loafing by a tree, spitting image of Rip 20 yrs. ago
o *but we’re not told it’s Rip Jr., just “a precise counterpart of himself”*
o authorial manipulation
• IDENTITY:
o “Rip looked, and beheld a precise counterpart of himself, as he went up the mountain: apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged. The poor fellow was now completely confounded. He doubted his own identity, and whether he was himself or another man. In the midst of his bewilderment, the man in the cocked hat demanded who he was, and what was his name? 45 “God knows,” exclaimed he, at his wit’s end; “I’m not myself—I’m somebody else—that’s me yonder—no—that’s somebody else got into my shoes—I was myself last night, but I fell asleep on the mountain, and they’ve changed my gun, and every thing’s changed, and I’m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who I am!””
• Judith Gardenier = daughter
o now married to one of the boys who’d play w/Rip
o baby = Rip
o solves the riddle –
 20 years gone
 thought Rip killed self (suicide) or killed by Indians
 Dame VW = dead
• broke a blood vessel in a fit of passion at a New England peddler
•  brought Rip “a drop of comfort” (glad she’s dead!)
• Confirmation #2: old wife of the village
• Confirmation #3: Peter Vanderdonk
o son of old historian (not an historian himself?!)
o corroborated story
o Catskills =
 “haunted by strange beings”
 Henry Hudson & his crew: kept watch on Hudson River & Hudson Bay
 elder Vanderdonk had witnessed them playing 9-pins
• all mystery = solved
• Rip – lives w/daughter, husband, baby, Rip Jr
o Rip Jr = just like the old man – lazy
 “an hereditary disposition to attend to anything else but his business”
o resumed his walks
o resumed talks w/some old cronies – but they’re too old
o made friends w/rising generation & grew into great favor
 Rip = PATRIARCH
• new social function –
• link to past
• living history
• chronicles time before the war
• a do-nothing with impunity (“happy age” of retirement)
• while catching up on 20 yrs. of history
• ALLEGORY:
o Britain = Dame VW
o Colonies = RVW
o “Rip, in fact, was no politician; the changes of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was—petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. Whenever her name was mentioned, however, he shook his head, shrugged his shoulders, and cast up his eyes; which might pass either for an expression of resignation to his fate, or joy at his deliverance.”
• Mystery:
o Was he a crazy old man?
o Or was his story true (as Old Dutch believed)?
• Mythologizing:
o “Even to this day they never hear a thunderstorm of a summer afternoon about the Kaatskill, but they say Hendrick Hudson and his crew are at their game of nine-pins; and it is a common wish of all hen-pecked husbands in the neighborhood, when life hangs heavy on their hands, that they might have a quieting draught out of Rip Van Winkle’s flagon.”
• NOTE:
o as the preface
o seeks to corroborate the Knickerbocker’s story
 yes, seems to come from German folk tale (it really did)
 BUT
 Knickerbocker left a note, quoted here –
• DK believes it’s true
• DK knows the area & saw “marvelous events & appearances”
• DK had heard even stranger tales
• all of which could be authenticated too
• DK even talked to RVW himself
• DK had seen country justice’s certificate of verification
o (note within a note:
o frames his own story
o preface to note = frame)

----------------------------------------------------

• STYLE:
o simple
o few allusions, common enough
o historical
o Hamlet quote
o understatement
o humor
o misogynist??? (shrewish, nagging wife)
o suspense (unknown) = ghost story
o description
o repetition for effect – emphasis
o framing

• TONE:
o light, humorous, comical
o understatement
o sarcasm
  we’re in on the joke
 wink to the audience
 we know that this isn’t real history – despite author’s attempts to convince otherwise

• THEMES: * humorous tone belies serious themes *
o change, mutability
 not just change, but the bewildering rapidity of change
 quick change
 (America, last 20 years, w/technology)
o & its effect on personal identity
 identity confusion
 loss of SELF amid changes
 identity tied to place (change place, change identity)
• coming home again, returning
o personal displacement
 see above
o history as literature
 Stephen Greenblatt
 Pilgrims & Puritans
 Ben Franklin’s “Polly Baker”
 Here = fictionalized, presented as historical, as true
o idleness
 Ben Franklin & “industry” industriousness vs. sloth
o modernity
 fast-paced, rat race
 vs. idyllic past, easy-going
• anti-modern
• pastoral tradition
• ROMANTICISM
o country music, movies set on farms (Witness, Horse Whisperer)
 link to “magical” past from a modern present
o yesterday
 our longing to go back
 past = idealized
• home, childhood, “in the good ol’ days,” “back in the day”
• oldies but goodies
 part of the moving forward???
• as we move forward into new chapters of our lives (personal, historical)
• we cling to the past, idealize it
• as a way of reassuring ourselves
• as/through a way of defining ourselves
o Cotton Mather & his idolizing Bradford & Winthrop
o escape:
 from nagging
 but escape from duties, what he’s supposed to do
o theme of veracity in storytelling and its importance
 Geoffrey Crayon = narrator/pseudonym of most Sketches
 BUT Diedrich Knickerbocker = narrator of “RVW”
 lost story of DK
 preface at start & notes at the end to convince of its truth
o history’s delay
 great historical events don’t often affect everyone – everyday life = more important
 Bradford & Reformation
o lesson for marriages:
 since BOTH these spouses = extremes of sloth & nagging
 husbands should learn to be more industrious and attentive
 wives should learn to be less antagonistic and more understanding lest they drive their husbands further away
o STORYTELLING:
 “RVW” = story @ storytelling
 escape through imagination
 freed of duties
 mystery, suspense
 framing
 conspicuous artistry
 Rip = the town story-teller (younger, to the kids, older, to all)
 human imagination/creativity: way to deal w/stresses of life
• PURITANS: had God, religion as how to deal
 fantasy comes w/danger – crazy old man
• threat w/gun
• old affiliations (Tory)
• lock ‘em up in the crazy house
 convincing = lesson to storyteller, make it convincing = good writing
o New World vs. Old War
o Reality vs. Imagination
o decay - fall of houses
o

• ARTISTRY:
o mock-epic preface
o mock-epic quote
o trying hard to convince that it was true
 preface
 quote
 reference to real historical figures & places & battles
o 20-year sleep = between paragraphs – creates illusion (we = Rip)
o Rip Jr – not told it’s his son, creates illusion (we = Rip)
o note at the end –
 note w/in a note (framing)
 convincing it’s true

• RIP =
o counter-hero
o anti-Franklinian, making a success out of failure (hard work)
o ineffectual male hero who cannot support his farm or family. Instead of facing the consequences of his idleness and facing his wife… he sleeps for twenty years.
o antithesis to the American dream (Protestant/Puritan Work Ethic)
 has no ambition, he does not work hard for himself, and he does not rise above where he began
o anti-American hero:
 sleeps through defining moment of American history
 & doesn’t care that he’s missed it
 does care about politics or voting
• SONGS
o “on coming home” Hagar
o “I used to love her”
o “Seinfeld theme”
o “wanna go back”
o
• POEM: http://www.litscape.com/author/Edmund_Clarence_Stedman/Rip_Van_Winkle.html
•
•
• ALLEGORY:
o marriage = tyranny
 wife = Great Britain
 RVW = Colonies
 tyranny, henpecking, nagging
o
•
• LITERARY CRITICISM APPROACHES:
o FEMINISM
 misogynist
 wife as nag
 when he was really a loafer
o NEW HISTORICISM
 history as literature
 as made up
 contrived
o STRUCTURALISM:
 framing
 intro & note frame the story
o PSYCHOANALYSIS:
 verbal abuse & domestic violence
• effects on psyche, identity
 defense mechanisms – avoidance, regression
• VOCABULARY:
1. 1. chivalrous- marked by honor
2. 2. obsequious- subservient
3. 3. malleable- adaptable
4. 4. impunity- exempt from punishment
5. 5. assiduity- diligence
6. 6. pestilent- troublesome
7. 7. patrimonial- inherited from father
8. 8. adherent- follower
9. 9. galligaskins- loose trousers
10. 10. rubicund- reddish
11. 11. dapper- neat in appearance
12. 12. approbation- approval
13. 13. termagant- nagging
14. 14. virago- bad tempered woman
15. 15. reciprocated- returned
16. 16. skulked- moved in a sneaky way
17. 17. alacrity- cheerful readiness
18. 18. transient- momentary, fleeting
19. 19. jerkin- sleeveless jacket
20. 20. visage- appearance
21. 21. melancholy- depression
22. 22. desisted- stopped
23. 23. reiterated- repeated
24. 24. flagons- large drinking vessels
25. 25. metamorphosed- transformed
26. 26. Babylonish jargon- confused speech
27. 27. ditto- copy
28. 28. cronies- buddies
29. 29. torpor – sleep, inactivity
•
• http://mrgunnar.net/ap.cfm
• http://mrgunnar.net/files/Lit%20periods%20-%20Romanticism.pdf
• http://mrgunnar.net/files/Rip%20Analysis.pdf
• http://mrgunnar.net/files/Rip%20Van%20Winkle%20Text.pdf
•
• http://writing-program.uchicago.edu/resources/collegewriting/high_school_v_college.htm
• http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/write/read12/
•