History of Boston University

Guest Lecture for AP 550
September 17, 2008

I.  Origins and Foundations:
1839: The history of Boston University begins in 1839 in a small town in Vermont.  In that year, Newbury Biblical Institute was founded as the first seminary of the United Methodist Church, an initiative to provide sound, distinguished theological training (as opposed to the brush colleges).
Methodist ideals: Methodists ideals exist at the heart of BU’s founding and these ideals merit brief attention.  Methodist belief combined an emphasis on scripture, tradition, reason, and experience and upon its introduction to America, it quickly became a religious phenomenon that acquired millions of adherents.  Methodism was a religion of experience and enthusiasm; it was a religion of the ordinary people; and it was a religion that advocated ideals of common ground (ideals that manifested themselves in the form of equal opportunity for women and abolition of slavery).  And these ideals profoundly shaped both the history and legacy of Boston University.
Early Geography: From Newbury, Vermont to Concord, New Hampshire to Brookline, MA, and finally to Beacon Hill (maybe draw a map…)
Parallels in Higher Ed/Religious Foundations: As you can see, and with the exception of 200 years, there are few differences between the foundations of BU and that of Harvard and other early colonial colleges.  Our earliest colleges in America were established upon devout religious foundations, and largely existed for the sole purpose of providing educated ministers and clergy who could better lead society.  Congregationalists founded Harvard College in 1636; more conservative Congregationalists founded Yale in 1701; the Presbyterians of New Jersey founded Princeton; the Baptists of Rhode Island founded Brown; Anglicans of New York founded Columbia; and so on and so forth.  In fact, the vast majority of our colleges and universities exhibited the dominant voice of Protestant Christianity until the early 1900s. 
In light of this, it’s important to note that the central preoccupation of all of our earliest colleges was to develop students’ character; academic and intellectual formation was secondary.  The governing idea was that you develop students’ character and cultivate learned “gentlemen” who could better society via religious training and by instilling religious devotion as guidance for proper living.

II.  Charter and the Birth of a Modern Research University
Parallels in Higher Ed/Broadening of Curriculum: Throughout the 1800s, the religious foundations of our early colleges were still quite pervasive, and were actually channeled into what was arguably the most important course in a college student’s tenure—the senior year capstone course in moral philosophy.
During students’ first two years in college, they largely focused on mathematics and the classics (Latin and Greek)—a curriculum that sought to discipline the mind.  Afterwards, students took courses that integrated knowledge of nature and society with Christian theology.
The moral philosophy course was often taught by the college president and served to shape students’ character and conduct in a pivotal manner just before they were sent out into society as learned gentlemen.
The extracurriculum was the student response to the narrow curriculum that focused almost exclusively on the classics.  By the early 1800s, students augmented their narrow classical curriculum by creating debate clubs and literary societies that embraced newfound knowledge in the sciences, literature, history, music, and art.  Later, the extracurriculum broadened to include social fraternities such as Kappa Alpha.
Parallels in Higher Ed/Social and Technological Changes: OK, now think back to the late 1800s, and the years following the Civil War.  What do you think were some of the most influential intellectual and social changes occurring in America at that time? (technology, mass communication, industrialism, urbanization, national movements, social mobility, capitalist economies, the rise of the social gospel, some secularization, positivism, Darwinism, scientific method, German research universities, etc.)
Signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, the Morrill Act provided public lands so that institutions of higher education could focus studies on agriculture and manufacturing.
The student population soared: from 1.7% in 1870 to 4% in 1900, to eventually 18% in 1940.
The influence of the German research universities ushered in an emphasis on original research, specializing training in specific disciplines, inductive methodologies, and value-free inquiry.
Presidents gradually became more devoted to running a corporation and fundraising, while faculty became less interested in student life.  As early as 1869, Harvard spearheaded a national movement when their faculty ceased grading students’ conduct and focused on subjects of study alone.  In effect, Harvard faculty distanced themselves from the responsibility of managing student affairs and in 1870, the very first Dean of Students, a new bread of administrators was hired to focus on students character, conduct, academic advising, and extracurricular interests.
Whereas the old-time curriculum was defined by teaching and a fixed curriculum in the classics, the modern curriculum was dominated by research and an array of utilitarian and vocational programs of study.  Disciplines became specialized, and a sharp distinction was made between statements of knowledge/fact and value judgments.
Though religion once served as the foundation of much of higher education, it was now being pushed to the margins of university life in favor of a secular status quo.
In short, modern technological society triggered what Harry Lewis, the form Dean of Harvard University, calls a dramatic earthquake across the landscape of higher education—an earthquake that still creates aftershocks today.  Indeed, today’s faculty still don’t know quite how to relate to undergraduates.
One of the unintended consequences of this great earthquake in higher education was that the early versions of character education gradually, little-by-little, fell out of fashion and became merely a secondary concern, at best, at universities across the nation.
1869: Chartering of Boston University: When the Biblical Institute relocated to Brookline in 1867, its name changed to the Boston School of Theology and William Fairfield Warren served as its president.  President Warren had studied in Germany and conceived of a university that combined the best of the English and Scottish models of higher education with the best of the German model with its emphasis on original research.  Warren joined forces with three prominent Boston businessmen who were also devote Methodists and abolitionists (Lee Claflin, Jacob Sleeper, and Isaac Rich), and in 1869 they signed a petition to charter what was arguable the very first modern research university in America: Boston University.  Other universities also lay claim to being the first university: schools like Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago, Stanford, and the restructuring of Harvard and Columbia; however, the title of being the first American University is…perhaps…not as important as the founding principles upon which Boston University was chartered.
In fact, Boston University’s founding stemmed from the Methodist ideals that I mentioned earlier.  These ideals reflected the traditional virtues of higher education and the promotion of “virtue and piety” as the charter says.  These ideals also reflected the innovations of a modern age and the promotion of “learning of the liberal and useful arts and sciences.”  Finally, these ideals reflected the Methodist belief in social equality, and the belief that higher education should be accessible to all members of society regardless of race, class, sex, or creed.
The Boston University Seal, drawn by William Fairfield Warren himself, was created during this era and depicts a roman cross, emblematic of the University Christian heritage, and Boston as a city upon a hill overlooking the Boston Harbor.
The school colors were also established during this time as well, and according to Warren, “As the older colleges for a single sex had generally but a single color it was considered fitting that our pioneer institution for the two sexes should have two colors”: scarlet and white.
Finally, it’s also interesting to note that at this time Boston University had an endowment that rivaled that of Harvard’s thanks in large part to the bequest of Isaac Rich—the largest single gift ever bequeathed to a university at that time.  Of course, today Harvard has a $35 billion endowment and the next institution is a distant second.  Sadly, the Great Boston Fire of 1872 destroyed much of Rich’s bequest forever crippling the financial holdings of Boston University.
The earliest schools comprising Boston University included the School of Theology and the School of Law (both located in Beacon Hill), the School of Music (located in the South End), the School of Medicine, an early homeopathic school of medicine (also in the South End), the College of Liberal Arts (in Beacon Hill), the School of Oratory (famous for Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone while at BU), and the Graduate School (in Copley Square).
During Warren’s presidency, Boston University awarded the first Ph.D. degree to a woman, graduated the first black psychiatrist, awarded the first theological degree to a woman, and graduated the founder of Goodwill Industries.  William F. Huntington (1904-1911) succeeded Warren as the 2nd president and defined Boston University as an up-and-coming municipal university.  (Longfellow Quote)

III.  Between the World Wars
            Lemuel Murlin served as the 3rd President of Boston University (1911-1924).  During his presidency, Boston University founded the College of Business Administration, the School of Education, and the College of Secretarial Sciences.  Murlin is often remembered for extending Huntington’s vision of BU as a municipal university and he is often quoted as referring to BU as being “in the heart of the city, for the service of the city.”  During his administration, Murlin led the trustees to purchase 15 acres of land between the Charles River and Commonwealth Avenue.
Year after year, however, Boston University was running a deficit and divisions were growing between faculty, administrators, and trustees who wanted the University to focus on a classic liberal education and those who favored more vocational and technical training in the professional schools.
In the late 1920s we also see the first signs of mascot for Boston University.  For years, the Boston newspapers had referred pejoratively to BU athletic teams as the “Intowners” (as opposed to BC, which was outside of town) or the “Campusless Collegians.”  For years, students noticed that an assistant coach would always bring his Boston terrier to games, and instead of other contending monikers (such as the “Bull Moose” or the “Pioneers”), the mascot of the Boston Terriers stuck.

IV.  Daniel L. Marsh the Building of Boston University
Few university presidents have had as successful a tenure as Daniel L. Marsh.  From 1926-1951, Marsh erased the University’s two million dollar debt and guided it to financial stability.  He marshaled resourced to keep the University afloat during the dark days of both the Great Depression and World War II.  He increased the student enrollment from 9,000 to 34,000.  He strengthened the academic reputation of the University while adding seven more schools and colleges.  He built the Commonwealth Avenue campus and geographically united a school that was scattered throughout the entire city of Boston.  And, quite remarkably, the “friendly President” enjoyed consistent support from faculty, trustees, students, and alumni.
Setting a Course (1926-1931): Lemuel Murlin resigned in 1925 after suffering a physical and mental breakdown due to the stressed of office.  The financial considerations of the university were compounded by warring trustees and disgruntled faculty.  From his inaugural address onward, Marsh emphasized the importance of a balance between a liberal education, on one hand, and a professional education, on the other hand.  Marsh also articulated a philosophy of education that highlighted character development, service to society, and religious devotion.  For Marsh, the purpose of Boston University was to graduate good citizens who could better society.  In many ways, Marsh promulgated his humanist ideals with aplomb and decades after most of his contemporaries.  In his first five years, Marsh paid down the debt, raised enrollment, and added new schools, and drew up new plans for construction.  By all appearances, Marsh had the “Midas Touch.”
Toward University Consciousness (1932-1938): The temper of the times changed for Marsh in the 1930s as the Great Depression nearly swallowed the University whole.  Many trustees considered selling the land along Commonwealth Avenue, faculty and staff took pay cuts, and Marsh indefinitely shelved his dream of building a new campus.  Despite this draught, Marsh turned his attention to developing a spirit of oneness and unity on campus.  Time and again, Marsh called for “University Consciousness” and insisted that BU was a University, not merely a cluster of separate and self-sufficient colleges and schools.  Toward this end, Marsh established Founders Day—an annual symposium to celebrate the origins and development of Boston University and to bind the university community together around a single heritage.
After years of frustrations, the depression waned and Marsh quickly raised $1 million dollars in 1938 to construct the very first building on the new campus, a new home for the College of Business Administration known as the Hayden Memorial Building.  Business students entered their new building in September of 1939.  The University community was ecstatic over the new building and hungered for even more construction; however, Hitler invaded Poland that very same month and ushered in another worldwide calamity that engulfed the University.
Preservation of Democracy (1939-1945): Student enrollments again plummeted during the War years, and Marsh—once again—was forced to put aside his plans for new construction.  Marsh incorporated a new focus in his educational philosophy, one that emphasized democratic ideals.  Marsh’s rhetoric, during the war years, was akin to civil religion as he often intertwined moral and religious principles in a patriotic devotion to American values.  In 1939, he published The American Canon, which provided a foundational perspective for American patriotism that became a widely published treatise on political philosophy.  After Pearl Harbor, Marsh focused the University attention and resources on the war effort.  He formulated a War Relations Committee, hosted specialized officer training programs, and insisted that twenty-two students of Japanese heritage be admitted to Boston University after they had been relocated due to the xenophobic paranoia accompanying the war.  Over 8,000 students and alumni of Boston University served in World War II and over 200 of them died. 
A Vision of Greatness (1946-1951): After the war ended, things changed rapidly for Boston University as Marsh renewed his vision for campus development.  In short order, Marsh raised nearly $2 million for campus construction and on the occasion of his 20th anniversary as president, he was visited by Dwight D. Eisenhower and the great war general referred to Marsh as a great leader in education.  With the addition of the G.I. Bill, the total student enrollment skyrocketed from 12,000 to 25,000 in two years alone.  By the time Marsh retired in 1951, it soared to nearly 35,000 students.  Marsh resumed construction and building acquisitions along Commonwealth Avenue, including CLA and STH, which relocated more than 80% of all of Boston University to the new campus.  As the skyline of Boston’s Back Bay changed forever, Boston University, for the first time in its history, achieved a sense of university consciousness through bricks and mortar.
Throughout his tenure Marsh added numerous schools and colleges including Sargent, Social Work, Nursing, Public Relations (COM), and the General College. 
Marsh commissioned the University’s Coat of Arms—an all-University symbol that connected Boston University to its intellectual heritage while coining its new motto: “Learning, Virtue, Piety.”
And, of course, Marsh constructed the University’s nonsectarian chapel, which was named the Daniel L. Marsh Chapel by the trustees in his honor.  The chapel is the perfect symbol of the Marsh presidency, and upon its dedication was written the following phrase: “We hope that the procession of immortal youth passing through the halls of Boston University for the next thousand years will be vouchsafed a vision of greatness, and that that vision of greatness will become habitual, and result in moral progress.”

V.  The Post War Years
            Harold C. Case (1951-1967) became the University 5th president in 1951 and made student life and extracurricular activities a focus.  Case appointed Howard Thurman to be the Dean of Marsh Chapel, and the first black Dean at any American institution of higher education.  Martin Luther King Jr., an admirer of Howard Thurman, earned his Ph.D. from Boston University in 1955.  One might wonder that if it were not for the early founding principles of Boston University, ideals of common ground, it there would ever have been a BU, a William F. Warren, a Daniel L. Marsh, a Howard Thurman; would there ever have been a Martin Luther King, Jr.?
President Arland Christ-Janer (1967-1970) became the 6th president during a time of great social unrest.  Less than three years after his inauguration, Christ-Janer resigned and BU’s Commencement was canceled due to the threat of violent protests.
As the 7th president of Boston University, John Silber (1971-1996) became a highly successful albeit controversial president.  Though it’s perhaps too early to write Silber’s history, one can argue that Silber transformed the University in manner that may have even surpassed that of Marsh.  Since Silber, Jon Westling and Aram Chobanian have presided over Boston University.
Since 2005, Robert A. Brown has been in the position of the 10th president of Boston University.  It is far to early to evaluate his legacy, but certainly one of the defining moments of his presidency will be “One BU,” a ten-year strategic plan that echoes many of the same themes of Marsh’s “University Consciousness” from eighty years ago.