History of Romanian

The Romanian History between the end of World War II and the
dictatorship of Ceausescu

         The coup of August, the 23rd 1944 had as main objectives the cancelling of Romania`s alliance with Germany and the restauration of democracy. It was organized by king Michael I and the main political parties: PNT, PNL and PSD, with which the Communist Party ( still small at that time, but a representative of Soviet interests, none the less ) was also associated. The coup brought neither peace, because Romania had to fight against her former allies, nor the democracy craved for so long by the Romanian people. Not only did the overthrow of Antonescu not bring peace and quiet to the Romanians, but it also threw them into a period of anarchy generated by the growth of the Communist Party.
The Communist regime it was installed in Romania with the support of the Soviet occupant, after the overthrow of king Michael I at the end of 1947. What followed was a period of sovietization of the country, when the repression against those who represented the true democracy began; a repression against intellectuals and Romanian spirituality. By sentencing them to long years of hard labour or even by execution, all possible opponents were eliminated.

1. The Stalinist period.

  The regime of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej.

Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej ( born Gheorghe Gheorghiu on the 8th  November 1901 ) was the Communist leader of Romania since 1948 until the time of his death on the 19th of March 1965. He was also president of the State Council of the Romanian People`s Republic between the 21st of March 1961 and the 18th of March 1965.
Gheorghe Gheorghiu was born in the family of a poor working man, Tanase Gheorghiu and his wife, Ana. He qualified as an electrician, then worked at the CFR ( Romanian railroad ). In 1913 he joined the Romanian Communist Party ( PCR ). He is arrested in 1933, as a result of the role he played in organizing the strike at the Grivita workshops, and is convicted in the same year. He begins carrying out his sentence in the Doftana prison. In 1936 he is elected member of the CC of the PCR, becoming leader of the imprisoned part of the Party.
Given his status as a top Communist leader, he is transferred to the Tirgu-Jiu camp during the regime of John Antonescu, where he spends most of his sentence during World War II. Imprisoned in the same cell as Nicolae Ceausescu, Gheorghe Gheorghiu becomes his political mentor. In August 1944 he escapes from prison, and in 1945 he is elected Secretary General of the PCR. However he did not obtain control of the Party until 1952. He was perceived as a man of strong Stalinist convictions.
The Soviet economic influence was materialized through the creation of mixed companies ( SovRom ), through which the Romanian economy was transformed to resemble the Soviet economy.
On a political level, all Romanian initiatives had to be approved by Stalin. Gheorghe Gheorghiu used the anti-Semitic tendencies of the leader from Kremlin and clensed the Party of all Jewish leaders accusing them of “ cosmopolitism “. For this he rellied on the State Security Department, created with the Soviet support. However Gheorghiu Dej can`t be considered a Jew-baiter. Even though most of the politicians he eliminated were Jewish ( including Ana Pauker ), on his own team were just as many Jewes, such as Gheorghe Gaston Marin. Gheorghiu Dej`s main objective was to gain more control of the Party and he used nationalism and anti-Semitism to attract the people.
Until Stalin`s death in 1953, Gheorghiu Dej did nothing to change the political repression against Romanian society, imposed by Moscow (in Romania a penitentiary regime had been installed, similar to the Soviet Gulag ).
To strengthen his position, Dej didn`t hesitate to remove Romanian leaders as well. He incited to the physical elimination of Stefan Foris (1946 ) and the arrest of Lucretiu Patrascanu ( 1948 ).
Nikita Hrusciov`s reforms and the start of the destalinization process endangered his position as leader of the Party. However he became the architect of a new foreign and economic policy as part of the Warsaw Treaty and the CAER.
Gheorghiu Dej`s political behaviour was ambivalent. If in 1954 he decided to free numerous political prisoners, in the same year a new wave of arrests, for opposing the regime, took place. Most of the survivors of this new wave of arrests, were liberated in 1964, when Dej was still head of state.
In his last years of leadership, Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej decided to establish diplomatic relations with the western capitalist countries, including the USA. This kind of initiatives was encouraged by the USA. President Lyndon B.Johnson said that Romania had become a friendly communist country, in the time of the Cold War.
Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej died in 1965 of liver cancer. There were numerous rumours regarding a deliberate exposing to radiation of the Communist leader during his last visit to Moscow. This was supposedly a result of Dej`s increasingly independent policy.

Romania during the Stalinist era.

The Proclamation of the Republic in 1947 opened the path to the creation of the totalitarian status based on a single Party, centralizing the economy, and the supremacy of the secret police. In February 1948 the PMR was founded, lead by Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej, followed by Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca. In the same year the first Communist constitution was adopted, which was an imitation of the Soviet constitution of 1936. The supreme legal authority was The Great National Gathering. The entire political power belonged to the single Party.
Between the 23rd of August and the 12th of September 1944, when the truce was signed, the Soviet armies held prisoners over 130000 Romanian soldiers and smuggled goods worth over 2 billion USD. Between the 23rd of August and the 31st of December 1944, over an area of 6 counties, the Soviet soldiers caused the following damage: 61 assaults on local authorities with 3 deaths reported, 3399 plunderings, 10065 cofiscated vehicle, 97360 cofiscated animals, 35000 tones of cereal, 110 people killed and 53 gravely injured. At the beginning of October 1944 the Soviets wanted to set up a military camp at Craiova in order to support the people`s liberating army of Yugoslavia. For this, they took drastic measures. And so, on the 12th of October it was reported that, acting on Soviet orders, the Romanian Securiy arrested a total of 55 people with anti-Soviet convictions. Among these people were: lieutenant-colonel Buzia, the county prefect, general Petrescu, the head of Security, Parvulescu, chief of police, Vlasia, mayor and general Popescu. Also 90 rifles and 800 radios were taken and 17 Soviet production truks which were at Romania`s disposal, 7 trolleys, 7 trams, cast iron pillars, electric cable and bronz statues taken by Romanians from the USSR, were sent to Odessa. 2000 and NKVD soldiers were spread throughout the city, to install the military regime, and another 250 soldiers in reserve.
In actuality The Allied ( Soviet ) Committee of Control in Romania, lead by marshall Rodion I. Malinovski, became the main authority in the country. This position was strengthen on a military level by reducing the Romanian armed forces, from 419000 men in May 1945, to just 136000 men in December 1947. On the other hand, the number of Soviet troops stationed in Romania increased from 80000 on the 8th of May 1945, to 615000, by the 1st of March 1946. Even though, gradually, their number decreased ( to 240000 by the 1st of November 1946 ), they represented the essential element in the development of events ( political or otherwise ) which took place in Romania

1. Following the Soviet pattern.

In 1948 the first communist constitution was adopted, which was an imitation of the Soviet constitution of 1936. The supreme legal authority was The Great National Gathering. The entire political power belonged to the single Party. On the industrial level, five-year plans were applied, which set high development rates, uncorrespondingly to the country`s resources.
The collectivization ended in 1962 covering 96 % of the country`s arable terrain. The 80000 peasants who refused to join the CAP were arrested. The Communists even got their hands on the most important Romanian bank, the National Bank.
On a cultural level all conections with the West were interrupted and the Soviet example was followed: proletculturism. In 1948 the Law of education was adopted and, instead of religion, children started learning the history of the Soviet Communist Party and the geography of the USSR. Theachers that didn`t accept the change were expelled. Censorship was installed; the Church was subordinated to Communist authorities and the Greek-Catholic Church was forced to unite with the Orthodox Church.
Due to the Soviet political, diplomatic and military support, the Communists managed to stop the restauration of democracy in Romania, and, on the 6th of March 1945, they also obtained the executive power, by forming the government of Peter Groza. The political assault continued by taking over the legislative power, as a result of falsifying the elections of November, the 19th, 1946, and ended on the 30th of December 1947, by banishing king Michael I and announcing the Romanian People`s Republic. At this time all political parties were eliminated. The last of them, the PSD, was swallowed by the Communists at the merging Congress on the 23rd of February 1948. The result was PMR, a name under which the Communist Party will hide until 1965. After the 6th of March 1945, the Soviets start the Special Mobile Brigade, which will evolve into the Romanian Security, and, at the same time, they start a general repression never before seen in the history of the country; a repression which will last almost 2 decades and will change the face of Romania.
Every political step towards communism reflected on the economy. Thus, just a few days after being installed, the Peter Groza government put forward the agricultural reform of March, the 23rd 1945, through which 1486000 ha were expropriated, out of which 1109000 ha were given to peasants; the rest was put in the state reserve. Also 3130 tractors, 1276 ploughs, 1274 cereal threshing machines, 1031 harvester binders and 1100 harvesters were confiscated and the landed gentry class was eliminated. After “winning” the elections of November, the 19th 1946, the Communist power nationalized, on the 1st of January 1947, the Romanian National Bank. On the 15th of August that same year the communist put forward a currency reform through which all capital owners were dispossessed.
In that time, besides the economic obligations that Romania had towards the USSR, as a result of the truce convention of September, the 12th 1944, the Communist power subjugated the country even further to the Soviet interests. On the 8th of May 1945 a commercial agreement with the Soviet Union was signed through which the sovroms were set up. This is how Sovrompetrol, Sovromtransport, Sovrommetal, the Soviet-Romanian aerial transportation TARS, Sovromwood, the Soviet-Romanian Bank and the Sovrombank joint-stock company were founded. For almost a decade, until they were cancelled between 1954 and 1956, the sovroms were the principal means through which the Soviet Union economically exploited Romania.
In 1947 Romania`s economic status was disastrous, and adding to this were the compensations the country owed to the USSR totaling 1195 million dollars.
This ruthless exploitation to which Romania was submitted painfully reflected on the population`s living standard. Thus the crises in Bucharest went up 2700% from 1943 to 1945. And in 1946 the price of meat went up 400%, the price of potatoes went up 800%, of bread and beans 1000%. However this could not stop the Communists from obtaining total power.
North-Western Transilvania had an important role in the development of events. The Soviets used that territory as means of pressuring and blackmailing until the 6th of March 1945.
And so, on the 26th of December 1944, the Soviet government responded to the Romanian government`s request to introduce Romanian administration in North Transilvania. The Soviets declared, through the Allied Control Committee, that the question of time and means of installing Romanian authorities in North Transilvania is in an indissoluble liaison with the question of carrying out the truce convention.
According to the Soviet government`s conceptions, the issue of delivering North Transilvania to Romania has to serve as the most important means of influencing the Romanian government. What was significant, regarding this objective of the Soviet policy, was the answer received from the Romanian Communists. The representatives of the National Democratic Front of North Transilvania, an organization created by the Communists on the 12th of October 1944, clearly expressed there wishes to transform the area into an independent territory. This, of course, would have separated it form the rest of the country, but for the Communists, any means was acceptable if it would lead to seizing total power.
However, the Soviet policy in Romania was best expressed by the decision Stalin made on the 2nd of June 1947 to rush the sovietization process in the countries occupied by the Red Army.
The NKVD was forbidding the receiving of freelance informers on Soviet embassy territory. The meetings with these people had to be organized by a designated secret service and could only occur in public places. The embassy was receiving the information through the secret service. It was requested that there would be no relations of any kind between civilians and Soviet soldiers. All political parties were to be unified, and all key positions were to be given to people approved by the Soviet secret service. People with organizational skills and certain chances of popularity would be given special attention. Civil servants, excluding agents and miners, had to have small wages. In all government facilities and the most factories there had to be people working with the Soviet secret service, without the knowledge of local autorities. The press could not publish information regarding the quality and range of goods delivered to the Soviets. Local authorities could not prove ownership of the land, they could only supply papers showing the quality of the lot used. Private farmsteads were to be made unprofitable, after which there nationalization would start. In case of large scale resistance, the distribution of the means of production would be reduced, simultaneously with the increase of obligation to deliver the shares.
If this would not work, it would have to be made so that agriculture could not ensure the provisioning of supplies for the entire country, thus making import necessary. Economic and organizational decisions had to be made unpunctually. Unions had no right to oppose the leadership. They had to be preoccupied with other matters, like organizing leaves and excursions, discussing pension demands and loans, justifying decisions made by the government.
In regards to leadership, only those who would deal impeccably with the problems they had been assigned to, and would not analyze them ( exceeding their duties ) would be given higher positions in the chain of command. As for those who were holding those positions, certain situations had to be created, so that they would be compromised in front of their subordinates. This would make their reoccupying the same position impossible. Local military personnel could receive assignments given to agents of the Soviets Secret Service. During each armed operation or shooting, the quantity of ammunition had to be permanently under control. Every research facility had to be supervised. Only those inventions that were useful in the mining industry were allowed. If an invention became known, it would be sold to other countries. Documents regarding the value and description of the invention were not published.
In factories, varied professional conferences had to be held; every idea had to be noted, as well as those who came up with it. Debates with those dealing with current problems regarding production, as well as those criticizing the past and local problems, had to be popularized. A great deal of attention had to be given to the water supply in newly-built or renovated neighbourhoods. Old sewers and wells had to be systematically liquidated. Rebuilding industrial objectives as well as building new objectives had to be done minding the distribution of residual materials to water houses, which could be used as reserves of drinking water. In the rebuilt or newly built cities the surplus space in homes, which could be used for storing supplies or sheltering animals, were not allowed. Small shops which did not belong to the state were to receive such materials and tools that quality production would be hindered. These products had to be more expensive than those produced by the state. The extension of state property had to be facilitated in all domains.
Criticizing the administration was allowed but the decrease in personnel as well as their normal functioning was forbidden. The efficient provisioning of the market had to be stopped. A general aversion against churches had to be brought about. All the Church`s printing works, archives, the contents of lectures, songs, religious education, even funeral ceremonies had to be supervised.
All popular teachers had to be removed, and their successors had to be appointed from “higher up”. The documentary material had to be reduced. In high schools the teaching of Latin, ancient Greek, general philosophy, logic and genetics had to be forbidden. When teaching history, the names of the rulers that served or wanted to serve the good of the country would not be mentioned; only the baseness of kings and the struggle of the oppressed people had to be pointed out. Artistic and sportive activities had to be organized to celebrate the fight against invaders ( excluding Russians ) and to popularize the fight for socialism.
The NKVD center from Moscow asked the Romanians to see to the construction and reconstruction of roads, bridges and communication lines so that, if an armed intervention was needed, the place of the resistance would be accessible from all sides. The representatives of the political opposition had to be arrested, or, if they were liked by the people, matters had to be brought home to them. Before they would imprint themselves upon the people they had to be eliminated through so-called “unforeseen events”. Also, the rehabilitation of those convicted in public trials, had to be encumbered. If the rehabilitation became unavoidable, it was accepted, but only if the case would be considered a miss-trial. If the chiefs appointed by the Party caused losses or the dissatisfaction of employees, they would not be called to trial. In extreme cases they would be discharged, only to be given similar positions, or higher ones. The public had to be informed about the trial of people occupying leading positions, accused of being against the people, against socialism and industrialization. In universities the first ones accepted had to be those who came from the lowest social category and were only interested in getting a diploma, not perfecting themselves on a higher level.
With small adjustments, varying from country to country, this NKVD document was applied in the entire Soviet empire, including Romania.
The terror from the Soviet Union covered the whole Communist world. Over 1 million Romanians have been imprisoned for political reasons, many of them died, although there exact number is still unknown. The installing of the political monolithism, when the Romanian People`s Republic was proclaimed on the 30th of December 1947, was followed by a veritable Communist assault against Romanian society, and by countless measures regarding the following of the Soviet pattern. Thus, the main industrial, mining, banking and transport units were nationalized ( 11th of June 1948 ); the centralized planning of economy was introduced ( 1st of July 1948 ); the educational system was reorganized to resemble the Soviet one ( 3rd of August 1948 ); the machine and tractor stations were created ( 7th of October 1948 ); the 50 ha of estates remaining from the agricultural reform of the 23rd of March 1945 were expropriated ( 2nd of March 1949 ); covering 342319 ha, the collectivization of agriculture was decided ( 3rd to 5th of March 1949 ); pharmacies were nationalized (2nd of April 1949 ); the Security was founded ( 30th of August 1948 ), as well as the militia ( 23rd of January 1949 ) and the Security troops ( 17th of February 1949 ); an unprecedented repression against the Romanian people was started ( the events of Pitesti and Danube-Black Sea Channel ); most of the housing facilities were nationalized ( 20th of April 1950 ); forced labour was introduced through the new work code ( 30th of May 1950 ); a new territorial-administrative division of the country into regions and departments was accomplished ( 23rd of July 1950 ); 192000 members were combed out of the PMR ( November 1948 – May 1950 ); 2 constitutions of the RPR were adopted following the Soviet example (1948 and 1952 ); and numerous other measures that do not have to be mentioned here.
On an internal level, the PMR policy resulted in an industrial acceleration, but with a great cost paid by all of the Romanian people. Only on the 28th of December 1954 were the cartels of indispensable products eliminated. The living standards rose very slowly, much slower than in countries outside the Soviet empire. The PMR policy was based on dispossession, and it`s first victims were landlords, the middle classes and the peasants ( who, until 1962, kept the lands they got after previous agricultural reforms, but only those located on hills and mountains ).  The Romanians were turned into a nation of civil servants and workers, all relying on the state budget.
On a social level, the Communist succeeded in building a middle class that, unlike the similar one in countries with a market economy had a parasitical character. It was formed of certain categories like soldiers and members of the repression machine, militants,technical intellectuals and most of the humanist ones, forming the technocracy and the ideological machine of the new regime, the members of the bureaucratic machine on a local level and qualified workers. All these categories had certain privileges ( free education and medical assistance, low-rent apartments, steady jobs and wages ) providing that they serve and protect the regime. These middle class had no initiative. It expected, in exchange for supporting the regime, to get as thick as possible slice of the state budget. Other than that, the society was formed of the so-called nomenclature ( the leading class that had all the privileges ) and the victims of communism: landowners, peasants dispossessed as a result of a collectivization, intellectuals that the regime didn`t need or that chose not to serve it, unqualified workers and others, all leading a very hard life.

The founding of the Security.

The Security, officially called The General Board of the People`s Security ( DGSP ), was fouded through the decree no. 221 on the 30th of August 1948. It continued the sovietization of the country started in 1945 by PCR under the protection of the occupying Soviet troops.
According to the Marxist-Leninist principle of the class struggle, the Security identified and eliminated all persons considered dangerous for the regime. According to “ article 2: the DGSP`s duties are the protection of the democratic conquerings and ensuring the safety of the RPR, against enemy plots. […] Article 4: the Security officers are the only ones capable of orchestrating the crimes that jeopardize the democratic regime and the safety of the public. “Article 3: Organization, framing, endowment, attributions and functionary of all the central and exterior services of “ General Directions of  Peoples Security” will be reglementate with decisions and interior instructions of  Interne Business Minister. These decisions and interior instructions can`t be published. Them are coming executive, note them in a special register and communication from those interested. […]/ Article 7: In derogation, from dispositions of the public contability law, the budget of  “ General Directions of  Peoples Security” will be published just the global amount, without details on posts, in the budget of  Interne Business Minister.
The head leaders of the Security, was formed from: general-lieutenant Gheorghe Pintilie – general director; general-mr. Alexandru Nikoloschi and general-mr. Vladimir Mazuru – assistants directors. The Security was dependent of  MAI, the  Interne minister being Teohari Georgescu, and Marin Jianu assistant minister.
In reality, the Security was founded under the control of Soviet counselors team, KGB agents and GRU, lead by D.G.Fedicikin ( 1944-1948 ), then by general Alexander Saharovski ( 1949-1953 ).
In 1956, the last one was named in front of the first directions of KGB, which is occupying with extern espionage, which shows the appreciation which his activity in Romania is enjoyed. A similar role had the Soviet ambassador at Bucharest, Serghei Kaftaradze, which responds from the activity of Soviet spies from Romania, he being dependent of extern Soviet ministers, Viaceslav Molotov ( from 1949 ) and Andrei Ianuarievici Visinsky ( after that ) – which at they time were dependents to Lavrenti Beria, the KGB chief and vicepresident of Ministers Council Board of USSR.
With setting up of the Security, the Communist Regime shows like an ideological regime, in sense that the power is exercised by a group of persons which form the Political Office of CC of PCR, head leaders being sustained by Soviet troops stationated in country and by the Security, regime coordinate by CC by PCUS in inspectors and Soviet counselors. The Security is the copy of KGB, so as for the purpose, the organization mode and functionality;
The organizathoric structures of the Security reflects the ideologist-tasks received by the Party and the mode in which she applied them. It was divided in 10 central directions, at their turn, in sections which was occupying with correspondent censor, supervision and interception of telephone speaking, secretariat, cipher, evidence and archive. In territory, the Security had 11 regional directions which had in subordinate officers in other locality. Exactly like territorial structure distinct was organized and the Security of the Capital.
The first lead of the Security was the next ones: general-lieutenant Gheorghe Pintilie-general director; general-mr. Alexander Nikoloschi and general-mr. Vladimir Mazuru-assistants directors; mr. Wilhelm Einhorn, director/secretary.
In 1945 are constituated the MAI troops, which contains, Militia Troops and Security`s troops, these last ones being constituated at 17th of February, by decree no. 455 from 1949, as properly units of the Security. The new units will knew a growth continue of effectives, having in 1953, 40000 engaged persons, for Militia Troops and 55000 for Security Troops.
In period 1948-1951, the existence of “ Militia and Penitenciary of Contrainformations Directions” in the Security componence, framed with officers named “ politics “, indicate the tasks which the politic police had then in repression, which was generalized in that period. One the other hand, Politic Direction had as task, ensuring occupying with enemies depistation, real or potentials “being in the Party”.
After the Communist regime had been consolidated and took place the desovietisation of the institutions of state and of the Party by decree no.50 from 30th of March 1951, DGSP becomes “ General Direction of  State`s Security” ( DGSS), the new name indicates that from now one the Communist Party, swallowed the state, with who identifies itself. In the same year, in Security cadre is set up the “ Information Direction Extern”, constituated at Soviets initiative to replace SSI. General Alexander Saharovski, the chief of Soviet counselors from Romania, is the only one who built the “ Information Direction Extern” from zero, with officers from the other direction of the Security. In 1951 is ended a first phase of the repression, the “ Direction of Penitenciary Contrainformation” is transferred to Interne Minister.
In extern context of releasing the anti-Jewish campaign from USSR, of preparations of a war against Occident by Stalin and of “ sharpening the class fight” from interior, Ana Pauker, Vasile Luca and Teohari Georgescu are eliminated from PCR administration by Gheorghiu-Dej, under the accusations of “spirit of compromise”, “deviation”, “pact with enemies”. Thus, by decree no.324 from 20th of September 1952, the Security is reorganized under the name of “ Minister of State Security” (MSS), as structure independent of MAI. With exception of modify the names of some directions, services and sections, the structure remains still unchanged. At the same time, by changing the appropriates officers of group Pauker-Luca-Georgescu, is growing up the direct control of prime-secretary of the Party, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, over Security.
In September 1953 – after falling down of Beria, and reorganization of Security`s father, KGB-MSS collaborates again with MAI. The Interne Minister was restructured ( July 1956 )in: Interne Department, which includes Militia and Pennitenciarys, and Security Department. As the movement of armate resistance was liquidated till 1958, and the collectivization of agriculture ended ( 1962 ), at 30th of May 1963, Security Troops will be reduced at dimensions of a special section of Interne Minister.  In base of decree`s organization no.141 from 30th of March 1963, the first direction is renamed “General Direction of Extern Information”, which, ulterior, had to be named “ Direction of Extern Information” (DIE), till 1978, and Center of Extern Information till 1989. With the opportunity of this reorganization of the Security, DIE growth up at central direction rank, which indicates the tasks which is accorded in this period. The unit was under the control of Nicolae Doicaru, DIE acting permanently in collaboration with Soviet espionage services and being coordinate by them.
In August 1958, with tratatives with USSR, Soviet Troops left Romania, but Soviet counselors remain. Only in 1964, more majority of KGB`s counselors are leaving Romanian territory, the Security housing still have a limitate number and after this period.
The Personnel of Security`s Cadres inheritance by the Security from SSI, Militia and other institutions “Bulgarian” was extremely reduced. For engagement was searched young persons, eager for affirmation and without a preparation previous in domain, them being recrutated exclusive from the Party and the biggest part of the workers. The Security Personnel was engaged with purity of the documents, but, in same cases, the Party was making exceptions.
The Social Composition of Security`s Cadres, in February 1949, is illustrative. For a total of 3553 persons, 64% were workers, 28% officers workers, 2% intellectuals, 4% peasants and 2% without professions. By political apartenence 95% were PCR members and 5% were nor members of the Party.
By sex, 88% were men and 12% women.
After ethnic origin, 83% were Romanians, 10% Jews, 6% Hungarians, and the other minorities have 1%, number situated under the brinck of statistic semnifications. Also ethnically origin, from those 60 officers superiors, 63.3% were Romanians, 25% Jews, 5% Hungarians, 3.3% Ukrainians, rest of  3.4% represents the Czechs and the Armenians.
To remark the big numberof Jews in comparison with the percentage of these minorities from the total of population from Romania (2-2.5%), as the big number of Ukrainians reportate at total number of those minorities from Romania (1%).
The Security Chiefs, Militia and Armate`s, beside the persons with important functions in the Party and in administration was formed in Soviet Union. They were formed the political elite of the Communist regime, ciphered at several ten thousands persons, which controls in total mode the society and had acces at a large scale of privileges: very big salaries, villas, luxury cars, special magazines etc.
The Security Cadres, Militia`s and Armate`s, was formed in education of special institutions of the Party and in military schools, founded after the Soviet model. The first of them was formed in USSR, a big part from the Security`s personnel perfecting ulterior at the Soviet similar organisms. The most important was the Superior School of the Party “A.A Jdanov”, Military Academy ( named in first years “I.V.Stalin), the Officers School Security from Baneasa, founded in 1948, and those from Oradea and Campina. In general, the cadres were forced to complete their studies. The officers were sent periodical at reciclation courses, from `60`s at “ Perfectionally School of Security`s Cadres” from Gradistea, beside Bucharest, and those from Bran and Branesti, for DIE. The education program had 2 sides: the military preparation bye speciality and forming the political culture and generals. In last mode of education were handing over: the Russian language, the history of PCUS, the history of RPR, the political and socialist economy, Scientific Socialism, General geography, Math, Physics, Chemistry and Romanian language and literature.
In September 1948, the Security had stipulated 3973 posts, but the existant effect was just 2281. He grow up constantly, for having in 1989 38682 peoples divided like this: 23370 in Security Troops, 6602 in central directions and special units, 2426 in CIE, 6055 in offices and 225 in preparation schools of the Cadres.
Starting with 1962, the faculty graduates from entire country are selected by the Party and prepared to become officers, continues simultaneously, the ancient practices by completing the studies superiors and high-school with the help of some recomandations of Security`s lead or Party`s lead and state. The Work methods are performing after 1964;
So at the end of  `60`s is changing the mode in which is holding the evidence of the officers and agents involved in work: bye files content were excluded the headings refered at domicile, the work place and the name of the officers which had in connection with the informers.
From foundation till 1989 the Security proceed at few of the changes in operating mode. These were conturated in first years of function, being a devoted copy of Soviet model.
In Security`s language the pursuit of regime`s enemies (real or potentials) is now calling “operative-informative activity” and consist in 3 types of action, with progressive role, starting from verifying the information by first sesization, to the complexe pursuit. The first “forme” of the operative-informative activity is “informative supervision”. She is realize starting from 1957 by a device named Service of Operative Supervision which role is to discover, arrest or hold back in secret mode “ state criminals”. The Supervision term of one person was by 10-15 days, and the type of the document was named “operative supervision document”. This first step of action had role not to wait as “enemies” to manifest eachother but to identify in systematic mode.
The second type of pursuit is “informative verification” It is an action which place on a reduced period, to six months, time in which the information of first sesization are verified. The document type is “verification paper case”. If first information are confirmed, it will pass at the next step of action; if not, the verifying action will stop, but the person accused will be followed by “objective document” or “problem document”.
The last form of action is “informative pursuit”. She had as purpose “ liquidation in time and more complete of the criminal activity lead in our country by enemies elements”. The document is named “ document of informative pursuit”. After the number of those followed and after importance, this is, at her time, for more type:”individual” or “by group”,” by local pursuit” or “by country pursuit”.
From the official dates of the Security published in last years, in 1967 were followed 424464 persons. In context of the Soviet intervention from Czechoslovakia, 1968, the number of those followed drastically falling to 49319 persons. From 1969 this number will grow up constantly till 1989-71671 in 1978, number in which doesn`t enter, certainly, persons “ operative supervision” and probably not those followed by “verification map”, which means that the real number of those followed must be more big. We doesn`t have the official numbers at the followed peoples after 1978.
At his turn, the informative pursuit is realized, in the first place, by “ specific ways”: “informative network”- the totality of the Security informers;”operative technique”-so the technology of pursuit;”filage” –the following on the ground of the enemies or suspects;”investigation”-the secret obtaining, on ground, of the materials on the persons which are the object of an action of supervision or verification; “control of some interne or extern channels which could be used in hostile`s purposes”-supervision and verification the followed person and/or interception of his corespondation; and “collection personal of information of official relationships and operative connections of the Security`s officers-the discussions of the officers with the secretaries of the Party, cadre`s chiefs, institutions directors and other persons with authority”.
In the second place, informative pursuit is realized with “specific methods”: “informative legend”, I mean the verisimilar version used with the purpose to assure the conspiration and “secretization” of Security`s activity and mislead of the enemy; “informative combination”, which represents a complex operative-informative measures combined after a tactics, which is using for resolving of some police tasks, “the infiltration of the informer or the officer”, which represents introduction “ legendate” of his in entourage of some people, in a “objective” or “medium” present interest for state Security; “the secret penetration”, I mean the legend enter or hide of Security`s Cadres in some rooms, with purpose of resolving of some operative tasks;
“secret search” represents “legendate”  control or secret of some rooms, mean of conveyance , baggage or objects which belongs to persons which Security is interesting, with purpose of clearing up of some information or documentation of some aspects of operative interes; “dezinformation” , I mean action in which is gave to enemies dates and information , special processed so as to not notice their absence of authentification, or in which is launching news with purpose of influention;” operative game” consist in methods complex and informative-operative means which is applied, by rule, in direct confrontation with services of unknown services, anti-Communism opposition, organization for men defending rights or occidentals governments, with purpose of knew and defeat the “hostiles” plans prepared, or with purpose of interception and holding off under control of the actions.
Information work is formed by more members. First are “the informers”. In 1950-1960 years, were two types of informers: “uncalificated” and “calificated” members. The “uncalificated” are the persons which haven`t enough qualities or experience. The others (“calificated” ), are with a lot of professional experience, they know very well to stand in the middle of the enemies, to act for the system. They are chosen by force.
The seconds are “the residents”. They are the bosses of “the informers”. The last category are the people which houses are used for all the meetings.
All the informations were changed by money, by holidays or food, presents or favors in their job.
The “network” contents of the Security which is still keeping a number of about 400000 documents of the informers, for the period 1948-1989. For a comparison, Stasi, the East-German Security, was kept in 1989, at a population with 6 million less Romanian, approximately 100000 documents of the informers.
Although is keeping the informations, the archives are not registering the number of collaborators unofficial of the Security, (support persons, occasionally collaborators, secretaries of the Party etc. ).
According to the official numbers, in 1967 there was 118576 of registered informers. In next year, the number is drastically falling at 84875, then from 1970 will grow up constantly to 1989, in year 1972 the number being at 100093 persons.
Starting with the second half of the six decade, the Security, preponderant, pass to preventive measures. We will detaliate them starting with the simple one to the complex one, which corresponds with an increasing in intensity of the repression. The first of them is “contrainformative preparation” of the population, his role being “the growth of vigilance to hostile tries”. Next the “positive influence” which took place in case peoples vehiculates the unconformable ideas with ideology (“ideas and negative conceptions”) and with political practice  of the regime (“antisocial acts which can bring prejudices for the state”). It is realize by informative network or by persons with authority from the work place or from family, but sometimes even by the officer.
The third operative measure is “the attention”, applied to persons which the Security considers that cand action differently than the regime ask for (“antisocial facts”), or which take part from a group which escapes from the control of Organs. Next is “ the advertising “, I mean the measure trough which a person is asked for to conformate with the ideology and politics of the regime (“laws and norms of social companionship”), because his behavior can lead to contrary actions of politics state-party (“against state Security”). To warned people it takes engagements in which is declared that they understand that measure is “just” and it`s engaging that they will respect the politics regime (“laws”) and they will not bring contact for the ideology and political practices. She is applied to Romanian citizens and to unknown citizens.
The fourth operative measure “putting into public discussion” and it is applied by screen organizations of the Communist Party, which Security is putting to disposition the necessary dates. She represents a public “ demascation “, I mean a type of psychic torture specific countries with “ popular democracy”.
The Prime-Secretary of District Committee of the Party is giving the agreement for aplicate the measure, the Security`s chiefs approbation and Direction of Penal Examination of the Securities notice. Next is “teasing” which represents a complex of measures, with the purpose to stop the actions of ideology group uncomforming and which can lead at the opposition confronted by the regime ( “offence or other antisocial facts”). It is a joining of the measures indicate up, and his aim isn`t just the teasing of the entourage but, and of conceptions of the member which formed it.
The seventh operative measure is “unadjustment or retiring of some privileges which depends by Security`s notice, as for example the visa for travelling out of country. As the Security was an organism which functions completely conspirate-to be reading: illegal- this measure was taken in each case in which the responsible officer considers necessaries. Last measure is that which looks “application of penalty”, in case in which a person continues to oppose regime, after it was “attentioned”, “influenced”, “warned” or, after case, “teased”, is getting penalties very big just to annihilate, but even for subsistence measures.
The last measure is “the interruption of the right of staying in RSR or declaration as on undesirable person”. The first part of it searched the Romanians citizens, which as reason that protest against the regime and/or banish, their citizenship were retired. The second part of the measure took into account the unknown citizens which denounced the violation of men`s rights.
The Security`s role was to ensure the supervision of real opponents and presumed, of the Communist regime and took measures of prevention and re-engaging their actions. Fundamental objective was the destruction of each opposition face of Communist Party and mentains the power with any price, conclusion which results from the interne document, but and from operating mode of the Security.
The arrests in full street, domiciliarys searched again and again, holding in arrest lot of months without mandate of extensed detention in absence of a sentence, tortures at which were submissive the arrests and interrogation was remained usual practices of the Security from foundation and till the crashing of Ceausescu`s regime.
After `60`s, the Security methods becomes more “delicate” – because the regime is fully consolidated, and the destroyed opposition, the actions of the Organs being priority directed to prevent and stop the forming of a new opposition centre. The protesting are supervised carefully – even on the face, like an intimidation method – and are discouraged by repeatatly callings by the Security, compromision and other methods. Are not giving up to brutal practices, which efficience was probated in first years, a proof being “case” Gheorghe Ursu, killed in November 1985 for torture by Security`s officers and Militia during the investigation and by prisoners with common rights, collaborators of those one, in arrest of the Security from Calea Rahovei.
The Security is succeeding to be present in Romanian society, people being permanently supervised with a big number of informers from all the institutions and social environments.
The Security`s documents registers just the tasks and a part of operative measures took against those followed and killed by the regime, but not and: crimes, rapes, tortures, and other violations of men`s rights commited in systematic mode.
The first values of arresting tooked place in transition period 1945-1948, in which the repression was organized and leaded by PCR and KGB, straightened against the peoples and top structures of the Old Regime.
The repression`s role was to liquidate physical and social the ideology enemy. The first arrests, are made starting 1945, 75-80000 German ethnics are transported to Siberia, being the first operation of proportions realized by the political police of the Party under the coordination of KGB. In same period are arrested, investigated and condemned the functionaries of high rank of the Old Regime, members of PNT (1947 ), the Greek-Catholics hierarchy ( 1948 ), PNL (1948), PSDI(1948), groups of partisans, which had as purpose the organization of armate resistance against the Communist regime and Soviet occupation, in hope of breaking out a new world wide war between the Occident and Soviet Block. The armate resistance was formed by a fightening nucleus and the support group ( those who are supplied with food, clothes, medicaments, ammunition, and informed about the measures tooked by the regime and by the Security actions). It exist even a project of unification of anti-Communism organization (“Organization T.”,” Black Crates “, “Avram Iancu`s outlaws etc.) and partisans groups, but was uselessness by the Security, which arrests the leaders and isolates the resistance groups existed in different regions.
Till 1958, when Soviet troops are retiring from Romania, the type of opposition is liquidated by Militia and Security`s troops.
The main resistance groups armate were leaded by: Vladimir Macoveiciuc (1944-1946 )and Gavril Vatamaniuc (1949-1955) in Bucovina; Spiru Blanaru (1948-1949) and Gheorghe Ionescu (1949-1951) in Banat, Nicolae Dabija (1948-1949) in Apuseni Mountains; Nicolae Trocan (1949-1952) in Oltenia; Ion Gavrila (1949-1957) in Fagaras; Gheorghe Arsenescu and Toma Arnautiu (1949-1959) in Arges; brothers Fudulea and Gogu Puiu (1949-1950) in Dobrogea.
During the period 1948-1964 the repression is generalized because it`s touching all the social layers, following the destruction of the society and the traditional values. Waves of arrests are succeeded uninterrupted, supplying the detention system.
A first ampleness action, through which the Security had a very important role, was applied of decree no.83 of Big National Gathering (MAN), from 3rd of March 1949, through which was confiscated what remains from the proprieties from 50 ha. The number of the families affected was by 2000, representing 3000 persons.
In 1950, in HCM base no.2 from 13th of January, by decree no.6 of MAN are founded the extermination camps by forced work and reeducation, named then” work units ”, but from 1952 “work colonies”. In base of these decree and of The Decree no.257 of HCM no.1554 from 22nd of August and of MAI Decision no.77 from 25th of August – all from 1952- between 1950 and 1953 there was sent in work camps a number of 22077 persons. All the official numbers are from Security`s archives.
Between 1949 and 1952 were arrested and the rest of Greek-Catholics and Roman-Catholics hierarchs, and from 1950 the Old Regime dignitaries. In 1951 were “dislocated” in Baragan 43900 persons from region Banat and 1100 persons from Constanta region, unsure from political point.
The Priests and the faithfuls of all cults were arrested in 1952, and in period 1948-1956 the partisans and the members of support groups. By MAI Decision no.239 from 1952 there were “dislocated” from agglomeration centers, for being more good supervised, a number of 6000 families.
In 1956 were arrested students from Timisoara and Bucharest which had maked common cause with Hungarian revolt. By HCM no.237 from 12th Febrary 1957 ( date in completation of HCM no.337 from 1954), was fixed the obligatory domicilies for a number of 2241 persons.  According to official numbers, the persons number which it has stabilized the obligatory domicile was for the period 1949-1961, of about 60000.
In 1958, before the retiring of the Soviet Troops, were arrested again, in preventive mode, “the legionaries” ex-members of historical party, ex-political prisoners which doesn`t being reeducated, peasants which refused to enter in CAP, members of writers associates, of artists, philatelists and bridge players. The role of the last arrest wave was to liquidate vestigions of civil society, because civil Society is that who produce the opposition.
By decree no.89 of MAN from 17th of February and HCM no.282 from 1952, there were settled obligatory work places, the measure being applied between 1958 and 1963 to a number of 3658 persons.
Between 1960 and 1964, in prisons Aiud, Gherla, Botosani, Jilava and in cam from Periprava the Communist regime undertakes a second big action of reeducation to political prisoners, named “reeducation by autoanalise”.
A good part was abandoned in 1964. The regime is now stabilized, and his “carceral” system, which are carried out the ideology tasks of stage, becomes very expensive, both political and economic.
Just like in the USSR, Communist Romania used psychiatric for political purposes on a large scale, at a countermeasure against disputes within the country.
On a political level, Romania joined the CAER in 1949 and in 1955 joined the Warsow pact. In 1953 Stalin died and in 1956 the anti-Communist revolution of  Hungary occurred. In 1958 the Soviet troops retreated from Romania, and the country began detaching itself from the USSR( but did not abandon the Soviet pattern). The Romanians commerce began orientating itself towards the West.
Romania did not accept the “Valev plan” ( which wanted to transform the country into an agriculture area) and renewed  ties with Yugoslavia. However this only lasted until the Yugoslavian leader Tito separated from Moscow. In 1964 a declaration  was initiated which proclaimed the equality of all Communist Parties. But despite all the attempts for a reform, the Dej regime can`t be absolved of the crimes commited against the opposition.