TIMELINE OF IMPORTANT DATES
May 12, 1889: Otto Frank (Anne‘s father), is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
April 20, 1889: Adolph Hitler is born in Austria.
January 16, 1900: Edith Hollander (Anne’s mother), is born in Aachen, Germany.
1914-1918: Otto Frank serves in German Army during WWI as a lieutenant. Adolph Hitler also serves from 1914-1920, as a Corporal.
November 11, 1918: The Armistice which ends World War I is signed.
June 23, 1919: Germany accepts the Versailles Treaty.
September 12, 1919: Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.
January 1923: The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), known as the Nazi Party, holds its first rally in Munich.
May 12, 1925: Otto Frank and Edith Hollander are married in Aachen, Germany.
July 18, 1925: Mein Kampf, Hitler’s autobiography and anti-Semitic plan, is published.
February 16, 1926: The Franks’ first daughter, Margot, is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
June 12, 1929: The Franks’ second daughter, Anneliese Marie or Anne, is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
July 31, 1932: The Nazis receive 37.3 percent of the vote and are asked to form a coalition government.
January 30, 1933: Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
February 1933: Freedom of speech and assembly is suspended by the Nazi government.
March 1933: The Gestapo, or Secret State Police, is established. Dachau, the main concentration camp for political prisoners, is built.
April 1, 1933: The Nazis declare a boycott of Jewish businesses and medical and legal practices. A law excluding non-Aryans removes Jews from government and teaching positions.
May 10, 1933: Books by Jews, political enemies of the Nazi state, and other ‘undesirables’ are burned in huge rallies throughout Germany.
Summer 1933: The Franks decide that the family must move to the Netherlands because of increasing tensions in Germany. Edith, Margot and Anne Frank join Grandmother Hollander in Aachen. Otto Frank travels to Holland.
July 14, 1933: Hitler bans all political parties except for the Nazi Party.
September 15, 1933: Otto Frank establishes his firm Opekta Werke in Amsterdam.
October 1933: Alice Frank-Stern, Anne’s paternal grandmother, moves to Basel in Switzerland.
December 5 1933: Edith and Margot Frank move to Holland.
January 1, 1934: Forced sterilization of the racially ‘inferior,’ primarily Gypsies and African-Germans, and the ‘unfit,’ the mentally and physically disabled, begins.
February 1934: Anne Frank joins her family in Holland. She attends the kindergarten of the Montessori School.
September 1935: The Nuremberg Laws are passed defining Jews as non-citizens and making mixed Aryan and Jewish marriage illegal.
March 7, 1936: Germans march into the Rhineland, violating the Versailles Treaty.
Summer 1936: Olympic games are held in Berlin, Germany. The United States participates.
Summer 1937: The van Pels family flees from Osnabruck to Holland.
March 12, 1938: Germany annexes Austria.
November 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish businesses and synagogues are looted and destroyed in Germany and in Austria by order of the state.
December 8, 1938: Fritz Pfeffer flees Germany and arrives in Holland.
March 15, 1939: Germany occupies Czechoslovakia.
March 1939: Grandmother Hollander comes to live with the Frank family.
September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland and starts World War II
September 1939: Hitler implements the T-4 Program, authorizing the killing of the institutionalized, the physically disabled, and the mentally handicapped.
April , May 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
December 1, 1940: Otto Frank’s company moves into the premises at number 263 Prinsengracht.
May 8, 1941: Opekta-Werke changes its name to Messrs. Gies & Company.
Summer 1941: Anne and Margot attend the Jewish School Amsterdam.
July 31, 1941: Hermann Goering authorizes Reinhard Heydrich to find a ‘Final Solution’ to the Jewish question.
December 11, 1941: Germany declares war on the United States.
January 1942: Death of Grandmother Hollander.
January 20, 1942: Heydrich, at the Wannsee Conference, mobilizes Nazi bureaucratic support for a ‘Final Solution.’
February, March, April 1942: Auschwitz, Belzec, and Sobobor all become fully operational death camps.
June 12, 1942: Anne receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
July 5, 1942: Margot Frank, 16, receives a call-up notice to report for deportation to a labor camp. The family goes into hiding the next day.
July 6, 1942: The Frank family leaves their home forever and moves into the 'Secret Annex'.
July 13, 1942: The van Pels family, another Jewish family originally from Germany, joins the Frank family in hiding.
November 16, 1942: Fritz Pfeffer, the eighth and final resident of the Secret Annex, joins the Frank and van Pels families.
February 2, 1943: The encircled German Sixth Army surrenders to Soviet forces at Stalingrad, Russia. The tide of the war begins to turn against Germany.
June 21, 1943: SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders the complete liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in the Soviet Union and Poland.
June 6, 1944: D Day. The Allies invade Western Europe.
August 4, 1944: The residents of the Secret Annex are betrayed and arrested. They are taken to a police station in Amsterdam.
August 8, 1944: They are all taken to the transit camp at Westerbork.
September 3, 1944: The eight prisoners are transported in a sealed cattle car to Auschwitz, on the last transport ever to leave Westerbork. Hermann van Pels is gassed on September 6, 1944.
October 6, 1944: Anne and Margot Frank are sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany.
November 25, 1944: To hide Nazi war crimes, the demolition of the crematoria at Auschwitz begins.
December 20, 1944: Fritz Pfeffer dies in Neuengame.
January 6, 1945: Edith Frank dies at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
January 27, 1945: Otto Frank is liberated from Auschwitz by the Russian Army. He is taken first to Odessa and then to France before he is allowed to make his way back to Amsterdam.
February or March 1945: Anne and Margot Frank die at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp within days of each other.
Spring 1945: Mrs. van Pels dies in Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.
April 30, 1945: Adolph Hitler commits suicide.
May 1945: Peter van Pels dies in Mauthausen.
May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders, and the war ends in Europe.
June 3, 1945: Otto Frank arrives in Amsterdam, where he is reunited with Miep and Jan Gies. He concentrates on finding the whereabouts of Anne and Margot.
October 24, 1945: Otto Frank receives a letter telling him that his daughters died at Bergen-Belsen.
November 20, 1945: The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals begin.
April 3, 1946: An article in Het Parool discusses Anne’s diary.
Summer 1947: 1,500 copies of Anne’s diary are published by Contact Publishers in Amsterdam.
1951: The diary is translated into English.
1954: The Dutch Red Cross officially declares that Anne and Margot died at Bergen-Belsen in 1945.
1955: The play based on The Diary of Anne Frank opens on Broadway.
May 1960: The Anne Frank House opens.
August 19, 1980: Otto Frank dies in Birsfelden, Switzerland. He is 91
1988: Miep Gies writes Anne Frank Remembered.
1995: The “definitive edition” of the diary is published in the United States.
1997: A new adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank opens on Broadway.
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